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Multiple Gestations
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Edward J. Hayes, Michelle R. Hayes
Second trimester: Serum screening for neural tube defects with MSAFP using a cutoff of 4.5 MoM has a detection rate is 50–85% with a 5% false positive rate. Maternal serum marker screening for Trisomy 21 is 63% sensitive in twin gestations (71% when both twins were affected and 60% when one was affected), with a false-positive rates of 10.8% [43]. Genetic amniocentesis has been reported to have a loss rate with multiples similar to singletons [44]. At sampling of the first sac, indigo carmine (not available in U.S.) or Evan's blue can be injected; a clear sample obtained from the second sac insures that two different sacs have been sampled. Methylene blue dye should not be used because of the risks of fetal hemolytic anemia, small intestinal atresia, and fetal demise. If gestation is MC, sampling of one sac is suggested for karyotype.
Introduction to the Endovascular Suite and Basic Principles of Angiography
Published in Vikram S. Kashyap, Matthew Janko, Justin A. Smith, Endovascular Tools & Techniques Made Easy, 2020
Jason Ty Turner, Virginia L. Wong
Contrast dye may be either hand injected, using a syringe attached to an intraluminal catheter, or power injected, using a specific mechanical injector. A power injector is capable of administering much greater volumes of contrast at a higher rate and pressure than is possible by hand, and so is useful when trying to fill a large vessel or one with rapid blood flow (such as the aorta) with contrast. The power injector must be programmed with the desired rate of contrast administration (milliliters per second) and the total amount of contrast volume (mL) to be injected. This conventional programming sequence results in the common expression for communicating power injector settings to other team members, where “10 for 20” means that a 20 mL volume of contrast will be injected at a rate of 10 mL per second. Other injection parameters such as pressure, rise, and delay can be set separately.
Abdominal surgery
Published in Roy Palmer, Diana Wetherill, Medicine for Lawyers, 2020
When a patient presents with a bulge or pain in the groin it is important to take a history and then to examine the patient. There are few appropriate investigations for the diagnosis of a hernia. Injections of dyes and ultrasound can be used in cases where the diagnosis may prove difficult. The treatment of hernias is usually surgical. A rare alternative method of treatment reserved for very elderly and infirm patients involves the application of a truss—a spring which holds the contents back inside the abdominal cavity. These are never very effective and are often associated with scarring, making the eventual hernia repair more difficult.
Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis – A Practical Review
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2022
The lens capsule is colorless, but in the presence of a normal red reflex, the anterior capsule can easily be seen once a flap is created and deflected.4 Adequate visualization of the capsule is a prerequisite for the creation of a proper capsulorhexis.29 Staining the capsule helps visualization but might also stiffen the capsule and make it more vulnerable to tears. Additionally, trypan blue may damage the corneal endothelial cells.5 For these reasons, the use of dyes should be reserved for cases in which visualization is difficult, such as white cataracts, brunescent cataracts, vitreous hemorrhage, and corneal clouding.4,5,29 Capsule staining can also be useful for teaching purposes.5,29 A few approaches are available.4,5 In the most common approach, the stain is injected under an air bubble and washed out after 10 to 15 seconds. Trypan blue is the most often used, and it is the only dye that is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).4,5,16,29 In addition, in 2006, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) reported that there is level III evidence that trypan blue, indocyanine green and fluorescein effectively stain the capsule.29 However, fluorescein is less convenient to use, and indocyanine green has less intensity and is not recommended for brunescent cataracts due to reduced contrast with the lens.5 Gentian violet has been found to provide comparable results to trypan blue in terms of capsule visualization, but it has an inferior safety profile.5
Adverse effects of textile dyes on antioxidant enzymes and cholinesterase activities in Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Shaista Rahimi, Mahendra P. Singh, Jeena Gupta
Dyes are coloring pigments extensively used in industries like textile, paper, leather, food etc. and represent a major segment of chemical industry besides pharmaceuticals, fertilizers and petrochemicals; but their use is loaded with disagreements and controversies (Msagati 2013). Textile industries, the major consumer for dyestuffs market (consumes almost 70%) is therefore becoming an important monitoring target as their waste water are loaded with hazardous dyes (Zocolo et al.2015). If the treatment of this wastewater is not done properly, the contaminating dyes may reach the receiving water and through drinking water may expose human populations and biota (Tsuboy et al.2007, Carneiro et al.2010). Some dyes are not even completely removed following conventional treatments and their concentration may rise during dry season worsening the situation (Carneiro et al.2010, Vacchi et al.2017). The researchers are working on improving dye removal methods from waste waters and a recent study highlight the effectiveness of Alcea rosea root extract as natural coagulant for removing disperse dyes from aqueous solutions (Mahmoudabadi et al.2019).
Tear transit time evaluation using real-time technique for dynamic MR dacryocystography
Published in Orbit, 2021
Swati Singh, Anuj Dhull, Dinesh Selva, Mohammad Javed Ali
The exact reasons for such variability in transit times are unclear. Transit of tears across LDS depends upon many factors including the volume of contrast instilled. The median dye transit time (primary Jones test) was 8 min with a single drop as compared to 1.4 min when multiple drops were used.16 Paulsen et al. found the dye transit time (using single drop) to be 4.55 min.17 The present study also showed individual variability similar to that found by others but the variations were much narrower.3,4,11,15,16 This could be attributed to the different techniques of dye instillation and imaging protocols. The dye enters the lacrimal sac very quickly but the transit time across NLD is much slower which could be due to anatomical resistance or physiological resorption across the NLD. The present study also demonstrated that upon comparing the subjects who required less versus more than 5 min for the contrast to reach their inferior meati had minimal difference (47.6 s vs 62.3 s) in their times for contrast to reach up to NLD.