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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Azithromycin (Zithromax) is an azalide class antibiotic, similar to the macrolide erythromycin, and is sometimes classed a macrolide. It is an effective for most of the same organisms for which erythromycin is used; Azithromycin is one of the first-line treatments for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections.
Formulary
Published in Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Integrated Contraceptive and Sexual Healthcare, 2018
Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Kathy French, Kevin Miles
Azithromycin is an azalide, derived from the macrolide class of antibiotics. The mode of action of azithromycin is inhibition of protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit and preventing translocation of peptides.
Treatment and prevention of malaria
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, William M Watkins, Peter A Winstanley
Azithromycin, an azalide antibiotic related to the macrolides, proved effective prophylaxis against falciparum malaria in Kenya in a dose of 250 mg/day. Side-effects were similar to those associated with doxycycline prophylaxis, but, unlike doxycycline, azithromycin could be used in children less than 8 years old and in pregnant women. However, this drug is expensive: in Britain, azithromycin prophylaxis would cost more than 13 times the cost of an equivalent course of proguanil and chloroquine.
Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection: elimination with mass drug administration
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Meraf A. Wolle, Sheila K. West
Azithromycin is a macrolide, specifically in the azalide subclass [43]. Its mechanism of action includes binding to and interfering with the 50S ribosomal subunit in bacteria which prevents the translocation of peptides and thus inhibits protein synthesis. This process is non-reversible and so results in azithromycin being bactericidal [44,45]. It has good activity against C. trachomatis; minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) range from 0.03 to 0.25 mg/ml [46,47]. Azithromycin has a long half-life in sera of 2–4 days, high peak levels, and a short lag in absorption [43,44]. Peak serum concentrations reach 1.53 mg/ml and peak tear film concentrations reach 0.15 mg/ml; they both gradually decrease over 6 days [47,48]. This is followed by excellent tissue penetration and concentration, resulting in high intracellular concentrations. This feature is critical for treating intracellular organisms like C. trachomatis [43,44,48].
Azithromycin effects on the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) early life stages following acute and chronic exposure: Laboratory bioassays
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Lazhar Mhadhbi, Tahani El Ayari, Meriam Tir, Dorra Kadri
Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic azalide derived from the macrolide erythromycin, the worldwide use of this antibiotic was approved in 1994. The mechanism of action of AZI is similar to that of other macrolides, he inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit (McMullan and Mostaghim 2015). AZI has a broad-spectrum antibacterial AZI activity, a long half-life and a significant intracellular penetration (Marek and Timmons 2019). Usually AZI is prescribed for the treatment of respiratory and sexually transmitted infections, and is also recommended for the treatment of bacterial enteritis due to Campylobacter and Salmonella species (McMullan and Mostaghim 2015). The azalide is also used in aquaculture for the control and prevention of bacterial infections in salmonids and tilapia (Fairgrieve et al. 2006; Shiogiri et al. 2017). In a comparison with the macrolide erythromycin also applied for the treatment of Renibacterium salmoninarum infections in salmonids, AZI has been proven to be more effective as it exhibits a longer half-life and a better penetration (Fairgrieve et al. 2005; Fairgrieve et al. 2006). It was classified in 2009 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) as an emerging contaminant based on its regularly detection in wastewater effluents, surface waters and drinking water (Fu et al. 2017). Subsequently, in 2015, AZI was included with erythromycin and clarithromycin in the watch list of substances that could pose a significant risk to human health and/or environment (Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2015/495, 2015).
Adverse drug reactions due to oral antibiotics prescribed in the community setting – England
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Larry M. Baddour, Mark J. Dayer, Martin H. Thornhill
The findings regarding macrolide/azalide use are not surprising (Table 1). The well-recognized gastrointestinal reactions associated with erythromycin likely contributed to the high rate of ADRs (47.2/1,000,000 prescriptions) [6]. The higher reported ADR rate (99/1,000,000 prescriptions) observed for clarithromycin, however, is difficult to explain, although it is tempting to speculate that because clarithromycin is a more recently available macrolide, a Yellow Card report is more likely to be submitted for clarithromycin than for erythromycin.