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Micronutrient Supplementation and Ergogenesis — Amino Acids
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
Use of the dipeptide, arginine glutamate, has been suggested as preventing electrolyte imbalance in patients where either arginine hydrochloride or MSG would otherwise be administered.697 Preliminary clinical experience showed equivalent effectiveness of arginine or glutamate.697 However, at this time there are no guidelines for use of glutamates as an ergogenic aid.
The Structure of Pyruvate Carboxylase
Published in D. B. Keech, J. C. Wallace, Pyruvate Carboxylase, 2018
John C. Wallace, Simon B. Easterbrook-Smith
When compared with the Reeck674 set of 207 mutually nonhomologous proteins by the methods described by Reisner and Westwood,679 chicken liver pyruvate carboxylase is relatively low in its content of aspartic, threonine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and lysine, but has a substantially higher-than-average level of arginine, proline, glycine, alanine, and, to a lesser extent, leucine. The mammalian pyruvate carboxylases are less exceptional, being relatively low in only aspartic and to some extent tryptophan, and having somewhat higher-than-average contents of arginine, glutamate, and proline. The Pseudomonas enzyme is somewhat lower than average in its lysine, aspartic, threonine, and proline contents and exceptionally high in only glycine. Comparisons of the compositions of the separated subunits of the Pseuclomonas enzyme by the method of CornishBowden206207 suggested little or no homology between the two polypeptides.327
-Glutamate(2-Oxoglutarate) Aminotransferases
Published in Elling Kvamme, Glutamine and Glutamate in Mammals, 1988
Rat liver δ-ORNAT activity increases fourfold over a period of days when rats are switched to a high protein diet148,151 or fed amino acid mixtures151 or glucagon.152 Activity increases with a diurnal rhythmicity,153 apparently at the level of protein synthesis.154-155 Glucagon also raises the liver enzyme level, particularly in animals on a low-protein diet.156 Glucocorticoids prevent the high-protein diet-induced rise in liver activity, probably by blocking the inductive stimulus (amino acids) of the regulatory system for this enzyme. Interestingly, the rat kidney enzyme appears to be under a totally different control mechanism. For example, during development the specific activity of δ-ORNAT in livers of rats on a normal diet reaches a maximum at —40 days and steadily declines over the next 80 days.157 In contrast, the specific activity of the kidney enzyme reaches a plateau level at 30 to 40 days. On a restricted nitrogen intake liver activity tends to decrease while kidney activity increases.158 Dietary carbohydrate decreases liver activity152 but has little effect157 or actually stimulates the kidney enzyme.152 Estrogen, thyroxin, or thyroidectomy stimulates the kidney enzyme to a much greater extent than the liver enzyme. 158-159 Of interest is the finding of Volpe et al.157 that δ-ORNAT activity of the liver is decreased by dietary arginine and that of the kidney by dietary glutamate. The authors point out that these are the end products of the possible pathways: proline (or glutamate) → arginine and arginine → glutamate. The authors state “if the first of these pathways is predominant in liver and the second in kidney, then the observed suppressive effects of arginine and glutamate might be an example of end product repressions in animal tissues” (but see below).
Population pharmacokinetics of arginine glutamate in healthy Chinese volunteers
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Jing Wang, Heng Zheng, Kun Wang, Zheng Wang, Yufeng Ding
Five hundred and sixty-four plasma samples of arginine glutamate were collected from 24 healthy volunteers. In the measurement of glutamate, 245 samples were measured to be below the LLOQ and omitted in the population analysis.