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Identification of Botanical and Geographical Origins of Honey-Based on Polyphenols
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Zsanett Bodor, Csilla Benedek, Zoltan Kovacs, John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu
Some of the non-flavonoid polyphenols in honey are listed in Table 5.2. These are mainly phenolic acids in honeys (such as: syringic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and. ferulic acid). On the other hand, isoferulic acid, m-coumaric acid, homoanisic acid and o-anisic acid were found only in few types of honey.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Joel J. Kirschbaum, Adorjan Aszalos
Cefmenoxime in plasma and urine was quantified using a phenyl column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0. 2% phosphoric acid (14:86) flowing at 2 ml/min into a 254 nm detector [228]. Recoveries averaged 99% using p-anisic acid as internal standard. Lower detection limits were 0.2 µg/ml plasma and 5 µg/ml urine. The drug was assayed in plasma modifying this method using an octadecylsilane column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.2 M acetate buffer, pH 5.3, flowing at 2 ml/min into a 254 nm detector [229]. The minimum limit of detection was 0.05 µg/ml using the same internal standard, and linearity of response was found from 0.5 to 200 µg/ml. Recoveries averaged 99%. Another modification exists [230].
Preservation and Preservatives
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
It is possible to protect a product from microbial contamination without the use of ‘legal’ preservatives (in EU terms), but it is not possible to protect a product from microbial attack without the use of a preservation system (unless the product is totally anhydrous and, even in this instance, there is an argument for a preservation system). The following is a list of increasingly frequently used secondary preservatives with their ‘primary’ functions:Caprylyl glycol (emollient)Ethylhexyl glycerine (emollient)Pentylene glycol (emollient)Levulinic acid (parfum)p-Anisic acid (parfum)
Anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects of an aqueous extract of Cinnamomi ramulus on MH7A rheumatoid arthritis-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes through induction of apoptosis, cell arrest and suppression of matrix metalloproteinase
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Jia Liu, Qing Zhang, Ruo-Lan Li, Shu-Jun Wei, Yong-Xiang Gao, Li Ai, Chun-Jie Wu, Xu-Feng Pu
UPLC-QE-MS/MS was used to analyse the freeze-dried powder of ACR, as shown in the materials and methods section. Figure 11 showed the MS total ion chromatograms (TIC) provided by analysis of the ACR in positive ionization modes. To qualitatively investigate the main constituents of ACR, we confirmed the identity of the analyte by comparing individual retention times (tR), online MS spectra and reference standards in the literature. Peaks 1–9 were unequivocally identified as anisic acid, coumarin, 2-methoxycinnamic acid, coniferyl aldehyde, azelaic acid, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, 4-methoxy-cinnamaldehyde and benzyl cinnamate, respectively. Reference standards were used to confirm the retention times, accurate mass and fragment ions. Tentatively identified compounds in the ACR (Figure 11) and the main parameters supporting their identification are presented in Table 2.
Developments in drug delivery of bioactive alkaloids derived from traditional Chinese medicine
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Xiao Zheng, Fei Wu, Xiao Lin, Lan Shen, Yi Feng
Some penetration enhancers (e.g. anisole compounds and monocyclic monoterpenes) were used as promoters to improve the transdermal absorption of ligustrazine (Zhang et al., 2015a; Wang et al., 2017). For example, Zhang et al. (2015a) employed anisole compounds to enhance the transdermal delivery of ligustrazine. The penetration flux of porcine skin’s SC dealt with ligustrazine plus anisic acid was the highest among the anisic acid, anisaldehyde, anethole, and free ligustrazine groups (11.9 versus 9.9 versus 8.0 versus 0.75 μg/cm2/h, respectively). Moreover, the apparent density of the SC flake treated with anisole compounds was significantly larger than that with the free drug, indicating that the higher quantities of desquamated flakes were achieved in the penetration enhancer groups. In another investigation, Wang et al. (2017) applied another type of enhancer, i.e. ‘monocyclic monoterpenes’ (menthol and menthone) to helping ligustrazine deliver into deeper skins. As a consequence, the percutaneous flux and permeability coefficient values of SC of porcine skin treated with such enhancers were both larger than those of the control group. In addition, the desquamation extent of the SC flake treated with menthone was the most significant among the menthol, menthone, and control groups. In general, the improvements achieved by anisole compounds and monocyclic monoterpenes were both related to removing the intercellular lipids of SC. And, the further mechanism might be that the hydrogen-bonding action between the penetration enhancers and amides of SC was stronger than that between SC amides themselves and, thus, disrupted the originally existing hydrogen bonding that was responsible for the bilayer structure and integrity of SC lipids (Narishetty & Panchagnula, 2004).