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The Effects of Tin Compounds on Cell Growth and Development*
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
John S. Thayer, R. B. Jonas, J. J. Cooney
A number of organometals and organometalloids have been reported to affect the germination of seeds, usually adversely.3 Tri-n-butyltin acrylate at 0.1 mg/ℓ stimulated the germination of pea seeds, but at 10 or 100 mg/ℓ Sn germination was repressed.4 Rice seeds in the presence of (C6H5)3SnCl showed enhancement of germination, but this may have been due to suppression of the fungus Xanthomonas oryzae.5
Potential of Syzygium cumini for Biocontrol and Phytoremediation
Published in K. N. Nair, The Genus Syzygium, 2017
S. K. Tewari, R. C. Nainwal, Devendra Singh
Various workers have identified the pesticidal activity of S. cumini against several pathogens and insects. Extract from bark and leaves of S. cumini decreased local lesion production by turnip mosaic virus in Chenopodium amaranticolor within four hours of application in preinoculation treatments (Pandey and Mohan 1986). The methanolic extract of S. cumini showed maximum inhibitory effect against Xanthomonas campestris (Uma et al. 2012). Sunder et al. (2005) examined the effect of a crude extract of fruit of S. cumini against bacterial blight pathogen (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) of rice in field trials in Haryana, India, during kharif and found that the extract decreased both the severity and incidence of the disease significantly. It showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton tonsurans, T. rubrum, T. simii, T. beigelii, Microsporum fulvum, and M. gypseum. Gupta and Bhadauria (2012) studied the antifungal potential of aqueous extracts of leaves, bark, seeds, and fruits of S. cumini against two important fungal plant pathogens, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum. Results revealed that among various plant parts, aqueous extract of fruit was most effective against the growth of F. oxysporum compared with other extracts, whereas the aqueous extract of bark showed potential to inhibit the growth of A. alternata. The extract of leaves was not found to be very effective against both test organisms. Arshad and Samad (2012) studied the antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of leaves of S. cumini against two strains of A. alternata, isolated from dying-back trees. The methanolic extract significantly reduced the fungal biomass. There were reductions in the range of 82%–88% in the biomass of A. alternata strains due to different concentrations of the leaf extracts of S. cumini. The study concluded that aqueous and n-butanol fractions of methanolic leaf extract of S. cumini could be used as biofungicides for the management of A. alternata.
Toxicity of Suaeda maritima (L) against the Scirpophaga incertulas (W) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) disease and its non-target effect on earthworm, Eisenia fetida Savigny
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Haridoss Sivanesh, Narayanan Shyam Sundar, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian, Sengodan Karthi, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, Hesham Saleh M. Almoallim, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
The rice plant is affected by the bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and it is one of the most important bacterial diseases of rice. A heavy yield loss due to X. oryzae was reported by Nisha et al. (2012). However due to the difficulties of creating an effective disease resistant variety that can be carried on to other generations, alternative disease control methods are being sought. Therefore, in the recent past, emphasis has been put for the sustainable agriculture with eco-friendly approaches and evasion of chemical pesticides which have warranted exploration of newer control methods (Senthil-Nathan 2013, 2015, 2019).
Factors determining phage stability/activity: challenges in practical phage application
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak, Norbert Łodej, Dominika Kula, Barbara Owczarek, Filip Orwat, Ryszard Międzybrodzki, Joanna Neuberg, Natalia Bagińska, Beata Weber-Dąbrowska, Andrzej Górski
In the case of the study by Ma et al. (2018) metals increased phage activity against extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) in blood [93]. When HP3 phage was tested it was observed that ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) caused lower phage activity against ExPEC in human blood and heat-inactivated plasma blood compared to blood treated with heparin (2 logarithms more efficiently). Therefore, the authors hypothesized that divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+) are important factors influencing phage activity in blood and a low level of metal cations may limit phage activity in human blood. These findings show that divalent cation supplementation would be beneficial, leading to the success of the therapy. Similarly, it was found that the addition of Mg2+ to bacteriophage suspension during preparation positively influences maintenance of phage titer stability after storage for more than a month at 30°C [94]. These observations are in accordance with observations made by Chow et al. (1971), who observed the protective effect of Ca2+ on phage Xp12 (specific to Xanthomonas oryzae) against heat inactivation [95]. Surprisingly, the phage was unstable in distilled water, distilled buffers, and different ionic environments at room temperature, whereas it proved to be stable in a culture nutrient medium. As Lark and Adams (1953) noted, under heat conditions (50–70°C), phage (T2, T4, T5) inactivation may be prevented by lithium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium cations, which stabilize phage virions [96]. The reduction of cation concentrations below 100 mM causes suppression of the protective effect and the phages become sensitive to high temperatures.
Thiazolidin-2-cyanamides derivatives as novel potent Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase inhibitors and their structure–inhibitory activity relationships
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Tao-Shun Zhou, Bin Wei, Min He, Ya-Sheng Li, Ya-Kun Wang, Si-Jia Wang, Jian-Wei Chen, Hua-Wei Zhang, Zi-Ning Cui, Hong Wang
Interestingly, recent studies demonstrated that gut microbial β-glucuronidase inhibitors, such as Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase (EcGUS) inhibitors, could significantly attenuate gastrointestinal toxicity caused by CPT-11 and NSAIDs8,9. With the deepening of research on gut microbial β-glucuronidase inhibitors, more and more natural and synthetic EcGUS inhibitors have been reported10. Previous studies reported many synthetic EcGUS inhibitors, for example, an antidepressant, amoxapine, was identified as a potent EcGUS inhibitor11, Salar et al.12 evaluated the inhibitory effects of twelve thiadiazole derivatives towards EcGUS with IC50 values ranging from 3.10 µM to 35.40 µM, Taha et al.13 reported that oxadiazole coupled-thiadiazole derivatives as potent EcGUS inhibitors and the most active inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.96 µM. Interestingly, all these types of compounds contain an extremely similar moiety, a phenyl group substituted with a heterocycle. Molecular docking studies further demonstrated that both the phenyl and heterocyclic groups interacted with the corresponding pocket residues via π–π stacking, and the heterocyclic nitrogen, sulphur and/or oxygen increased hydrogen bonding capability of these compounds for pocket binding14–16. The structure of 5-phenyl-2-furan is very similar to the above mentioned structural units. Additionally, our previous studies have reported that the derivatives of 5-phenyl-2-furan showed broad-spectrum bioactivities, such as antibacterial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities17–20. In 2018, we synthesised a series of thiazolidin-2-cyanamide derivatives, which also contained 5-phenyl-2-furan moiety and could reduce the disease symptoms of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae on the rice cultivar IR2421.