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Biomacromolecules from Marine Organisms and Their Biomedical Application
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Pitchiah Sivaperumal, Kannan Kamala, Ganapathy Dhanraj
Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPSs): Various marine microbes produced complex substances composed of carbohydrates, proteins, humic substances, lipids and nucleic acids (Manivasagan and Kim, 2014) are known as EPSs. It consists of organic and inorganic substances along with acetate, pyruvate, phosphate and succinate moieties (Priyanka and Ena, 2020). Enormous EPS-producing Vibrio furnissi VB0S3 was isolated from the coastal area of Goa (Bramhachari et al., 2007). Similarly, an Enterobacter cloaca was isolated from marine sediment, which has produced enormous acidic EPS exhibits significant emulsifying properties (Iyer et al., 2005). A gram-positive bacteria Planococcus maitriensis was isolated from the coastal waters of Bhavnagar in India produced an EPS used in oil recovery and bioremediation of oil (Priyanka and Ena, 2020). Marine bacterium Alteronomas sp., Pseudoaltromonas sp., and Vibrio sp., produced unique EPSs ranged from 0.5 to 4 g per liter of sugar base medium (Raza et al., 2011). The EPS from Vibrio diabolicus has composed with glucosamine and glucuronic acid (Arias et al., 2003).
Staphylococcus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Staphylococci belong to the family of Micrococcacae, which has four genera: Micrococcus, Stomatococcus, Planococcus, and Staphylococcus. The genus Staphylococcus is subdivided into 19 species and subspecies. While S. aureus, S. intermedius, and S. hyicus subsp. hyicus all produce coagulase enzyme, S. aureus also produces heat-resistant nuclease (TNase) [24]. Based on their human or animal origin and biochemical characteristics, S. aureus strains are distinguished into six biotypes (human, non-β-hemolytic human, avian, bovine, ovine, and nonspecific) [1].
Polysaccharides from Marine Micro- and Macro-Organisms
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Kannan Kamala, Pitchiah Sivaperumal, Gopal Dharani
The primary exopolysaccharides are documented from the marine microbes Alteromonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Halomonas, Planococcus, Pseudoalteromonas, and Rhodococcus. Polysaccharides from marine bacteria are composed of organic and inorganic molecules, amino acid, uronic acid, hexo, and pento-sugars (Manivasagan and Kim, 2014). Polysaccharides from Saccharophagus degradans were studied with various carbon sources including xylose and starch, and Vibrio furnissi isolated from the coastal area of Goa has exhibited an enormous yield in the exponential growth phase (Gonzalez Garcia et al., 2015, Bramhachari et al., 2007). Similarly, Enterobacter cloacae from marine sediment has produced polysaccharides that have potential emulsifying activity (Iyer et al., 2005). Marine bacterial polysaccharides are acquiring stable physical and chemical parameters by reason of application in biomedical research and food industries (Priyanka Singh and Ena Gupta, 2020). Polysaccharide from fungi has more industrial application by their novel function and structure (Seviour et al., 1992). Polysaccharide from Fusarium oxysporum was composed of glucose mannose and galactose at the ratio of 1.33:1:1.33 with the molecular weight of 61.2 KDa. This polysaccharide has multiple side chains with galactofuranose residues, which shown great antioxidant activity (Chen et al., 2015). Sun et al. reported the polysaccharide from Penicillium sp. F23 was primarily composed of different amounts of glucose and galactose and mannose exhibited antioxidant activity (Sun et al., 2009). Phoma herbarum has produced a potential amount of polysaccharides consist of D-glucan linked with less quantity of glucopyranosyl and residues of glucuronic acid. It has application in the field of macrophage receptors, immunomodulatory effect on dendritic cells, T cells, and antitumor potential (Yang et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2009, 2014).
Insect-bacterial mosaic produces peptidoglycan in mealybug
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
In October, Cell published an intriguing paper describing a functional biosynthetic pathway constituted from a combination of genes encoded by both the mealybug Planococcus citri and one of its bacterial endosymbionts, thus showing a remarkable and interesting parallelism to organelle evolution [1]. Mealybug (Planococcus citri) is a very interesting organism in which to study microbial symbiosis, in fact this insect hosts two bacterial endosymbionts, one (Moranella) living inside the other one (Tremblaya).