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Biological Activities of Syzygium cumini and Allied Species
Published in K. N. Nair, The Genus Syzygium, 2017
Varughese George, Palpu Pushpangadan
The antibacterial activity of the essential oil of S. cumini was assayed using MICs. The main oil constituents were α-pinene (17.53%), α-terpineol (16.67%), and allo-ocimene (13.55%). The oil of S. cumini demonstrated strong inhibition activity against the tested bacterial strains, such as gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, S. aureus ATCC 6538, and Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341, and gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Agrobacterium tumefaciens ATCC 1593-2, and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ATCC 39048 (Elansary et al. 2012).
Aquatic Plants Native to America
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Bianca D. Fibrich, Jacqueline Maphutha, Carel B. Oosthuizen, Danielle Twilley, Khan-Van Ho, Chung-Ho Lin, Leszek P. Vincent, T. N. Shilpa, N. P. Deepika, B. Duraiswamy, S. P. Dhanabal, Suresh M. Kumar, Namrita Lall
Many compounds found in the Venus flytrap have versatile biological properties in vitro and in vivo including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities (Table 4.8) (Gaascht et al. 2013). The information on the biological properties of the Venus flytrap mainly relies on the reports of their bioactive compounds. Studies exploring the health benefits of the Venus flytrap have been conducted using the Venus flytrap extracts. Szpitter et al. (2014) reported antibacterial effects of the Venus flytrap on the inhibition of a plant pathogen, Pectobacterium atrosepticum (Szpitter et al. 2014). Gaascht et al. (2013) indicated that several compounds (e.g., plumbagin, ellagic acid, and salicylic acid) present in the Venus flytrap exert anticancer properties. In fact, plumbagin, the most predominant naphthoquinone in D musciplula, has been reported from several other species (e.g., Juglans sp., Limonium axilare, Nepenthes gracilis, Nepenthes khasiana, and P. zeylanica) (Table 4.8) (Gaascht et al. 2013). Plumbagin has been documented to exhibit anticancer properties in vitro and in vivo against a wide range of cancer types, e.g., breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate and colon cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, and pancreatic cancer (Checker et al. 2018, Gomathinayagam et al. 2008, Kuo et al. 2006, Powolny and Singh 2008). Other bioactive compounds found in Venus flytrap include quercetin and ellagic acid and have been moved to pharmacokinetic studies and clinical trials for the treatment of cancer (Gaascht et al. 2013).
Beneficial Lactic Acid Bacteria
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Some experiments concerned the use of LAB in treatment of plant diseases. Plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt. Lactobacillus sp. strain KLF01 isolated from rhizosphere of tomato reduced disease severity of tomato and red pepper as compared to nontreated plants (Shrestha et al. 2009a). Lactobacillus KLF01 and Lactococcus KLC02 strains showed 55% and 60% bio-control efficacy, respectively, in regard to Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, soft rot pathogen, on Chinese cabbage (Shrestha et al. 2009b). These LAB significantly reduced bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on pepper plants in comparison with untreated plants in both greenhouse and field experiments. Additionally, LAB are able to colonize roots, produce indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, and solubilize phosphates (Shrestha et al. 2014). LAB are effective in the removal of the root-knot nematodes. The decreased pH levels in agricultural soil due to lactic acid produced by bacteria are correlated with reduced population of nematodes (Takei et al. 2008). Microalgae are used as feed for live prey (rotifers, Artemia), larvae and adult fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. The growth of microalgae Isochrysis galbana was enhanced by LAB, both in the absence and in the presence of nutrients in the culture. The highest final biomass concentration was achieved by adding Pediococcus acidilactici, whereas Leuconostoc mesenteroides spp. mesenteroides and Carnobacterium piscicola provided for maximal growth rates. However, the latter species also showed inhibitory effect on Moraxella (Planas et al. 2015).
Magnesium and calcium ions: roles in bacterial cell attachment and biofilm structure maturation
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Tianyang Wang, Steve Flint, Jon Palmer
In Pseudomonas mendocina, 20 mM Ca2+ and Mg2+ significantly increased the average thickness of the biofilm, roughness coefficient and the surface area of biomass. Different mechanisms were thought to be responsible for the enhancement in biofilm in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ taking into account the different live cell fraction and EPS/live cell ratio in biofilms (Mangwani et al. 2014). In Pseudomonas fluorescens, 1.5 to 15 mM of Ca2+ lead to more bio-volume and higher surface coverage. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) probes, measuring the forces involved as an AFM probe touches and then moves away from the biofilm showed larger adhesive values at the surface of biofilms at 5 and 15 mM compared to at 0 mM Ca2+. This is consistent with the production of more EPS (Safari et al. 2014). At 0.5 mM Ca2+ biofilms of Shewanella oneidensis demonstrated greater biofilm coverage, whereas roughness decreased accordingly (Zhang et al. 2019). Several suggestions were made to elucidate this observation, such as EPS regulation. Calcium and magnesium were also found to increase the biofilm biomass of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Haque et al. 2017), and biofilm cell numbers of Geobacillus sp. (Somerton et al. 2015).
Factors determining phage stability/activity: challenges in practical phage application
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak, Norbert Łodej, Dominika Kula, Barbara Owczarek, Filip Orwat, Ryszard Międzybrodzki, Joanna Neuberg, Natalia Bagińska, Beata Weber-Dąbrowska, Andrzej Górski
Phages in lysate form may retain their activity during storage at 4°C, room temperature, −20°C, −80° with glycerol or in liquid nitrogen. However, crystals of ice at −20°C may cause the destruction of phages [115]. Improvement in the survival of phages is also ensured with a fast rate of freezing at relatively low temperatures (<-20°C) [110]. This may be accompanied by an increase in viscosity and osmolarity of the concentrated solution, which eventually leads to a frozen crystalline phase [116]. Therefore, a protective effect may be obtained with the addition of glycerol to the phage suspension before freezing [117]. It was proved by Taj et al. (2014) that T4 phage activity in vitro is strictly temperature-dependent [118]. Tovkach et al. (2012) evaluated the method of long-term storage of phages active against enterobacteria [119]. The ZF-40 phage active against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum proved to be sensitive to changes in the environment. The ZF-40 phage was 99.4% inactivated during incubation at 57°C in 5 min. The effect was probably due to the changes in conformation of the basal plate, or as a result of the collapse of the phage head. Therefore the authors developed the composition of STMG (containing, i.e. MgCl2 and gelatin) buffer that guarantees even 10-year phage stability during storage at +4 to −2°C in the case of phages that are very sensitive.
Zosteric acid and salicylic acid bound to a low density polyethylene surface successfully control bacterial biofilm formation
Published in Biofouling, 2018
C. Cattò, G. James, F. Villa, S. Villa, F. Cappitelli
Moreover, in addition to E. coli, the technology might be potentially used with a broad-spectrum activity against mixed infections. Most of the proteins targeted by ZA and SA are highly conserved with often a 100% of identity in a number of microorganisms, including pathogens that are a concern in the food processing industry and the health-care sector and that are responsible for extensive damage to crops in the agricultural field (eg Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Candida spp., and Fusarium spp.) (Cattò et al. 2015, 2017). Additionally, ZA free in solution has been shown to be beneficial against Bacillus cereus, P. putida, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum, Candida albicans, Colletotricum lindemuthianum and Magnaporthe grisea (Stanley et al. 2002; Villa et al. 2010, 2011; Polo et al. 2014) while SA has shown activity toward P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, P. syringae, Pectobacterium carotovorum and C. albicans (Farber and Wolff 1993; Muller et al. 1998; Dong et al. 2012; Lagonenko et al. 2013; Cattò et al. 2017). Thus, it is likely that LDPE-CA and LDPE-SA could exert their anti-biofilm activity also against other microorganisms.