Mycobacterium haemophilum

Cervicofacial Infections

Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018

Nico Jonas, Ben Hartley

Two groups of mycobacterial infections involve the neck in children. The distinction is important and can be challenging. First there are infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). Second are a group of infections caused by other mycobacteria. Commonly referred to as atypical mycobacteria or environmental mycobacteria, these are most accurately termed non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT). They include Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium haemophilum.33 They particularly affect children between the ages of 18 months and 3 years, presumably because younger children are less commonly exposed to the pathogens and because older children have developed immunity.

Sparfloxacin

Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017

Patrick G. P. Charles

Against Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, sparfloxacin is notably more active than many other fluoroquinolones, with MIC90 values of 0.06–2.0 and 1 μg/ml, respectively. Sparfloxacin has activity comparable to that of clinafloxacin but inferior to that of moxifloxacin against Mycobacterium fortuitum, with an MIC90 of 2 μg/ml. However, sparfloxacin activity against Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium chelonae is limited, with MIC90 values > 6 μg/ml. Similarly, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and sparfloxacin are only moderately active against Mycobacterium haemophilum, with MIC90 values of 4–8 μg/ml (Bernard et al., 1993; Gillespie et al., 2001; Klopman et al., 1993; Royo et al., 1999; Tomioka et al., 2000; Witzig and Franzblau, 1993; Yew et al., 1994).

Published in Ronald M. Atlas, James W. Snyder, Handbook Of Media for Clinical Microbiology, 2006

Ronald M. Atlas, James W. Snyder

Use: For the isolation, cultivation, and maintenance of Mycobacterium species, including Mycobacte-rium tuberculosis. For the cultivation and maintenance of Mycobacterium haemophilum. Also used for determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of mycobacteria.

Clinical manifestations, treatment and outcomes of patients infected with Mycobacterium haemophilum with a focus on immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a retrospective multi-site study

Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023

Said El Zein, Omar M. Abu Saleh, Nancy L. Wengenack, John W. Wilson

Mycobacterium haemophilum is a slow growing acid-fast bacillus, that is responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, ranging from localised infection to disseminated disease. In immunocompetent patients and children, the infection typically presents as focal lymphadenitis [1,2], while cutaneous, synovial, and disseminated involvement including bacteraemia and pneumonia are more frequently seen in immunocompromised patients [1,3]. Routine methods used to isolate other mycobacteria may not be adequate for isolation of M. haemophilum, due to its unique growth requirements that require the addition of ferric iron or haemin to the culture media, as well as, a lower incubation temperature incubation in vitro at 30–32 °C [1].

Flexor tenosynovitis of the hand due to rare nontuberculous mycobacterium (Mycobacterium haemophilum) in an immunocompromised patient

Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2020

Takuya Yokoi, Kosuke Saito, Takuya Uemura, Etsuko Takizawa, Noriaki Hidaka, Mitsuhiro Okada, Hiroaki Nakamura

Although the course was good, she visited to our hospital 2 months after the first operation due to swelling, redness, and pain of the left thumb. Physical findings revealed pain, swelling, and warmth on the left thumb (Figure 1) and joint motion was restricted. Laboratory examinations yielded the following counts: 3700/μL for leukocytes, 0.17 mg/dL for CRP, and 3.8 pg/mL for β-D glucan, while rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibody were negative. Subsequently, after a diagnosis of purulent flexor tenosynovitis of the left thumb, a synovectomy of the left thumb was performed. Pathological examination of the resected synovium revealed numerous epithelioid cells and granuloma due to multinucleated giant cells. Microbiological examination revealed mycobacteria in the collected tissues (Figure 2(A, B)). In the culture at 37 °C and 30 °C for 8 weeks, no growth was observed in the Ogawa medium or in the mycobacteria growth indicator tube. However, growth was observed in the blood agar medium in the aerobic culture at 30 °C (Figure 2(C)). PCR reactions for detecting M. tuberculosis complex, M. avium, and M. intracellulare were negative. The gene sequence of the obtained PCR product was analyzed and the pathogenic bacterium was identified as M. haemophilum by homology search of the gene. Thereafter, antibacterial treatment with clarithromycin, rifampicin, and moxifloxacin was initiated. However, 10 months after the initial operation, the swelling and redness of the left middle finger recurred (Figure 3). A plain radiograph showed no apparent osteolysis and plain magnetic resonance imaging showed synovial tissue relapse with low signal on T1-weighted image and high signal on T2-weighted image (Figure 4). The patient was diagnosed with a recurrence of flexor tenosynovitis and synovectomy was repeated (Figure 5). Mycobacterium haemophilum was detected again in the collected synovial tissue. Thereafter, the patient continued to receive antibiotics and no recurrence was observed 2 years after the last operation.