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Microbiology of the Vagina
Published in William J. Ledger, Steven S. Witkin, Vulvovaginal Infections, 2017
William J. Ledger, Steven S. Witkin
Approximately 80% of healthy reproductive age women appear to be predominantly colonized in their vagina by one or a combination of four Lactobacillus species: L. crispatus, L. iners, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii. Other lactobacillus species are also occasionally detected but are rarely predominant. In about 20% of healthy women, Lactobacilli are either present in low numbers or are undetectable, and the predominant bacterial genera may be one or a combination of facultative and anaerobic bacteria: Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Sneathia, Mobiluncus, and other biotypes. The proportion of instances in which one Lactobacillus species or bacterial genera was dominant varied with the specific population being evaluated. It is important to emphasize that other bacteria, such as Atopobium, Megasphaera, and Leptotrichia, are also lactic acid producers and, thus, an acidic vaginal pH can be maintained in the absence of Lactobacilli. The absence of a vaginal microbiota dominated by Lactobacilli is more common in Hispanic or African-American women than in women of European or Asian origin.11 As a consequence of this, the mean vaginal pH of healthy Hispanic or African-American women is elevated compared to that of White or Asian women.
Microbiological diagnosis: The human endometrial microbiome—Endometritis
Published in Carlos Simón, Linda C. Giudice, The Endometrial Factor, 2017
Inmaculada Moreno, Carlos Simón
About 29.2% of women in the United States are thought to suffer from BV at some point during their lifetime, but its etiology remains unknown (33). Current treatment for BV consists of oral or local administration of metronidazole and clindamycin, but relapse is observed in 30% of women due to the presence of resistant strains, typically from the Clostridiales, Megasphaera, Enterobacteriacae, and Staphylococci genera (34). As a result, probiotics are encouraged as supplementary treatment (30,35). Alterations in normal vaginal microflora, particularly those involved in the profile of BV, are thought to be associated with an increased risk of spontaneous pregnancy loss and spontaneous preterm birth (36–39), although no solid mechanistic proof has been presented. Additionally, alterations in vaginal microbiota have been shown to increase the risk of sexually transmitted infection transmission, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (40), and the development of pelvic inflammatory disease (41).
Vaginitis
Published in Linda Cardozo, Staskin David, Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology - Two-Volume Set, 2017
Type Infectious bActeriAl vAginosis CAndidA vulvovAginitis trichomoniAsis rAre bActeriAl Noninfectious Atrophic vAginitis ContAct vulvovAginitis ChemicAl irritAnt vAginitis Allergic vAginitis DesquAmAtive inflAmmAtory vAginitis (DIv) erosive lichen plAnus CollAgen vAsculAr diseAses (sLe) Pemphigus And pemphigoid syndromes Etiology Mixed GArdnerellA vAginAlis, AnAerobes (PrevotellA, PorphyromonAs, BActeroides, FusobActerium, Peptostreptococcus, Mobiluncus, MegAsphAerA, EggerthellA, LeptotrichiA, members of the ClostridiAles order), And genitAl mycoplAsmAs 90% CAndidA AlbicAns, 10% non-AlbicAns CAndidA species; rArely other fungi TrichomonAs vAginAlis Group A Streptococcus estrogen-deficient stAtes (postmenopAusAl, postpArtum, post-Antiestrogen therApy) ContAct dermAtitis (hypersensitivity) soAps, detergents, topicAl Antimycotics Allergens unknown (bActeriAl? immune mechAnism?) Immune mechAnisms vAsculitis Immune mechAnisms
Salivary bacterial shifts in oral leukoplakia resemble the dysbiotic oral cancer bacteriome
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Divya Gopinath, Rohit Kunnath Menon, Chong Chun Wie, Moinak Banerjee, Swagatika Panda, Deviprasad Mandal, Paresh Kumar Behera, Susanta Roychoudhury, Supriya Kheur, Michael George Botelho, Newell W. Johnson
The most discriminative taxa in WMF of LKP patients belonged to the genus Megasphaera. Members of this genus include gram-negative coccoid-shaped obligate anaerobes who are commensals in the oral cavity and belong to phylum Firmicutes and class Negativicutes. Increase in the abundance of this group had been reported to be associated with dental caries [33] and with bacterial vaginosis [34]. Interestingly, Megasphaera, as well as other bacteria involved in bacterial vaginosis, have been speculated to play a role in promoting uterine cervical dysplasia and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [30,35,36]. While none of these above-mentioned studies can establish the nature of the relationship between Megasphaera and dysplasia, members of this genus may exert a pro-inflammatory effect. This contention is also consistent with many studies that reported the extent and levels of inflammation histologically in oral epithelial dysplasia to be positively correlated with the progression of dysplasia [37–40]. However, further investigation is needed to establish the role of these pro-inflammatory bacteria in the progression of oral cancer. If these results are established, they suggest a new paradigm for the relationship between inflammation and dysplasia.
A case study of salivary microbiome in smokers and non-smokers in Hungary: analysis by shotgun metagenome sequencing
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Roland Wirth, Gergely Maróti, Róbert Mihók, Donát Simon-Fiala, Márk Antal, Bernadett Pap, Anett Demcsák, Janos Minarovits, Kornél L. Kovács
Megasphaera, the other genus of increased abundance in the saliva of current smokers belongs in the phylum Firmicutes. Megasphaera are Gram-negative anaerobic cocci, which reside in the upper digestive tract of adults, contributing to the microbial community of tongue dorsum, tonsils and saliva [86]. In line with our results, an increase in relative abundance of Megasphaera was observed in oropharyngeal samples and esophageal samples of smokers relative to non-smokers [97,98]. Perhaps the smoky environment may confer a growth advantage for Megasphaera [98]. Dysbiotic diseases, including periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis were also associated with higher relative abundance of Megasphaera species [99,100]. Moreover, the genus Megasphaera was associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) positive head and neck squamous carcinoma and lung cancer [101,102].
Composition and maternal origin of the neonatal oral cavity microbiota
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Heidi Tuominen, Maria Carmen Collado, Jaana Rautava, Stina Syrjänen, Samuli Rautava
Common fecal microbes including Megasphaera and Acinetobacter were detected in the neonatal oral cavity (Megasphaera n = 3, Acinetobacter n = 6). We sought to investigate whether the presence of these bacteria was linked to the delivery mode. In our sample set, both of these bacteria were discovered in the oral cavity of neonates born by both vaginal delivery and via caesarean section. Two of the three samples positive for Megasphaera, were obtained from vaginally born neonates and one from a neonate born by caesarean section. Acinetobacter, on the other hand, was discovered more frequently after caesarean section (n = 5) as compared to vaginal delivery (n = 1). The amniotic fluid or amniotic fluid contamination with meconium could possibly explain these findings, but as in the original Finnish Family HPV Study, the composition of the amniotic fluid or the amniotic fluid contamination with meconium were not investigated or recorded, we can only speculate that some quantities may have been present in the infant oral cavity when sampling has been done. Nevertheless, meconium-stained amniotic fluid is a somewhat common finding during term delivery. It is of note that the small number of neonates in the present study may have prevented us from detecting statistically significant differences.