China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Bamboo as Food and Medicine
Published in Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht, Bamboo Shoot, 2020
Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht
Tao et al. (2018) analyzed the anti-microbial activity of three major components of essential oils—tricosane, cedrol and hexadecanoic acid from leaf extracts of Phyllostachys heterocycla cv pubescens against common food related micro-organisms Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Flavobacterium spp. Results showed that the extracts had the highest bacteriostatic effect of Flavobacterium followed by P. fluorescens. Using the data from cellular constituents, fatty acid profiles and atomic force microscope observations, authors concluded that the anti-microbial components of bamboo leaf essential oils act by disrupting the membrane integrity of the microbes thus inhibiting their growth (Tao et al. 2019). Anti-fungal potential of leaf extracts from Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus strictus against the strains of Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis, Trichoderma viride and Verticillium albo-atrum have been studied by Owolabi and Lajide (2015), Patil and Rothe (2016) and Ambika and Rajagopal (2017).
Gentamicin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Jesús Sojo-Dorado, Jesús Rodríguez-Baño
Among other Gram-negative bacteria, the Neisseria spp. (meningococci and gonococci) are only moderately susceptible to gentamicin, the degree varying with individual strains (Chisholm et al., 2011). Gentamicin also has only modest activity against Haemophilus influenzae. Brucella spp. (Turkman et al., 2006), Moraxella spp., Pasteurella multocida (Waitz and Weinstein, 1969), and Francisella tularensis (Alford et al., 1972; Urich and Petersen, 2008) are usually susceptible. Aeromonas spp. are also usually susceptible (Harris et al., 1985), but Pseudomonas alcaligenes is commonly resistant to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides (Uwaydah and Taqi-Eddin, 1976). The Flavobacterium spp. are always resistant to aminoglycosides, including gentamicin (Drasar et al., 1976; Lee et al., 1977). Although Legionella pneumophila and L. micdadei are susceptible to gentamicin in vitro, the drug is ineffective for treatment of human infections caused by these organisms (Thornsberry et al., 1978; Dowling et al., 1982). Campylobacter jejuni is susceptible in vitro to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides (Michel et al., 1983). The drug is also active against C. fetus (Goossens et al., 1989).
Microbial Biofilms
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Neha Srivastava, Intekhab Islam, Kelvin Foong and Finbarr Allen
Dental chair units have a complex network of interconnected waterline systems to cool and irrigate instruments and tooth surfaces and provide rinse water during various dental treatment procedures [124]. Dental units, particularly the waterline tubes that supply water to the dental instruments, inevitably harbour a wide variety of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and protozoans. The microorganisms adhering to the waterlines inevitably lead to biofilm formation on these surfaces. However, dental water unit biofilms are not harmful unless colonised with pathogenic bacteria or exceeding certain microbiological levels [40]. Current CDC guidelines for infection control in dental healthcare settings recommend that output water from dental units should not exceed 500 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria [124]. Hence, mostly saprophites, such as Moraxella spp., Flavobacterium spp., Micrococcus spp. and Actinomyces spp. and yeast species can be present in the dental waterline output in harmless concentrations. Under certain circumstances, pathogenic species such as P. aeruginosa, Legionella spp. and Mycobacteria spp. have also been isolated from these biofilms [125]. A further concern of colonised dental unit waterlines is the potential for cross-contamination of patients with infectious microorganisms Therefore, if proper infection control of dental units is not followed, it can be a serious source of cross-contamination.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion on naval carbon steel inside the hull of tugboats: a case study of prevention and control
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Andrés Núñez, Ana M. García, Carlos Ranninger, Diego A. Moreno
X-ray diffraction analysis was also performed to determine the crystalline species (Figure 4). Three crystalline species were identified, all of them correspond to oxide-hydroxide compounds, and whose semi-quantitative composition was the following: akaganeite 85.1%, lepidocrocite 7.9% and manganese iron oxide-hydroxide 6.9%. The major component iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (β polymorph) is formed in a medium of chlorides and with nickel in small variable proportion, which comes to be considered an impurity, although it is always present. It is therefore a non-stoichiometric compound of Fe3+, with Ni and Cl. It is called akaganeite and can be represented by its empirical formula Fe3+7.6 Ni0.2/0.4O6.4(OH)9.7Cl1.2 and crystallises in the monoclinic system. It has been proven that the presence of this compound is compatible with the biotic presence of SRB (Ramírez et al. 2016). Another component detected in the analysis was the iron(III) oxide-hydroxide called lepidocrocite (γFeO(OH)) and crystallises in the orthorhombic system. Lanneluc et al. (2015) found lepidocrocite as main oxidation product during the early stages of marine corrosion of carbon steel. The third component detected was manganese iron oxide-hydroxide, with iron partially substituted by Mn (Mn0.061Fe0.939O(OH)). Marine iron and manganese oxidising bacteria, such as Pseudomonas spp. and Flavobacterium spp., could be involved in the formation of this corrosion product (Abdolahi et al. 2014b).
Intestinal Inflammation as a Dysbiosis of Energy Procurement: New Insights into an Old Topic
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
J. Scott Lee, Ruth X. Wang, Erica E. Alexeev, Sean P. Colgan
Colonic creatine and creatinine, the spontaneous degradation product of phosphocreatine and creatine, are known to be utilized by the microbiota and may impact host physiology and pathology.136 Various bacteria are shown to express specific enzymes such as creatinine deaminase and creatine amidinohydrolase to facilitate creatinine and creatine break down.133 For example, several Bacillus, Clostridia, and Escherichia strains can degrade creatinine to 1-methylhydantion and ammonia for nitrogen procurement, while some Pseudomonas, Brevibacterium, and anaerobic Clostridia species can degrade the 1-methylhydantion further for nitrogen and carbon harvest.136 Additionally, GAA is degraded by several bacterial species such as Corynebacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Flavobacterium spp., which are part of the normal human gut flora, through the enzyme guanidinoacetase.138 This bidirectional bacterial enzyme catalyzes the degradation of GAA with water to glycine and urea and vice versa. Increases in GAA were found in the gut of mice fed a high-fat diet and decreased in mice treated with metronidazole, suggesting a role for the microbiota in both the degradation and production of GAA.139 Altogether, a role for creatine metabolism in microbiota cross-feeding and microbiota–host energy circuits is apparent, but is clearly overlooked and incompletely understood.
Fabrication of an improved amperometric creatinine biosensor based on enzymes nanoparticles bound to Au electrode
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Parveen Kumar, Mohit Kamboj, Ranjana Jaiwal, C.S. Pundir
Creatininase amidohydrolase (EC 3.5.2.10) from Pseudomonas sp. communicated in Flavobacterium sp., and creatinase amidinohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.3) from Pseudomonas sp. expressed in Escherichia coli, sarcosine oxidase (EC 1.5.3.1) from Bacillus sp. were purchased from SISCO Research lab Mumbai, India and Sigma-Aldrich, USA, respectively. Gold electrode (AuE) (2 mm × 20 mm, diameter × height) was purchased from local market, Rohtak were used. All other chemicals utilised in this work were of analytical reagent (AR) grade. All through this study, double distilled (DW) water was used. The blood/serum samples of evidently healthy individuals and persons who suffering from kidney/renal disorders were collected from the hospital of Pt. BDS Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Rohtak and kept at −20 °C till use.