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Infection-driven periodontal disease
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Thomas E. Van Dyke, Mike Curtis
Until very recently, only 50% or less of the oral microbiota was cultivable in the laboratory. To further characterize the oral microflora, genetic techniques for bacterial detection are now routinely used. In particular, high-throughput sequence analysis of variable regions of 16S ribosomal RNA facilitates identification of virtually all the bacterial cells in a given sample, including those of very low abundance. The findings reveal that the oral flora in health and disease is extraordinarily diverse and that the level of variability appears to be the individual, not the disease, although there are marked differences in the composition of the flora in health and disease in the same individual. Comparison of the microbial composition in health versus disease using these more recent tools reveals whole scale shifts in the microbial community composition. The change from health to disease is therefore viewed as a disturbance to the normally well-tolerated microbial plaque composition in symbiosis with the host tissues to a dysbiotic community structure where potentially pathogenic organisms or complexes of organisms normally present at low abundance become predominant. These include those bacterial species identified in earlier cultural investigations as well as a significant number of previously unrecognized organisms including Filifactor alocis, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, and species drawn from the Desulfolobus, Dialister, and Synergistetes genera.
Assessing the Microbiome—Current and Future Technologies and Applications
Published in David Perlmutter, The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
Thomas Gurry, Shrish Budree, Alim Ladha, Bharat Ramakrishna, Zain Kassam
Andrew is an energetic 7-year-old, but his parents suspect something isn’t quite right. His eyes always dart away, never quite meeting their gaze. He watches the same repeating eight seconds of a bright red monster truck squashing the shells of abandoned cars. He dutifully watches every day for exactly three hours. Andrew’s parents are worried, and bring him to see his pediatrician, Dr. Sara McDonald, who suspects that Andrew has autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. In the past, Dr. McDonald would have had to perform an in-depth, time-consuming evaluation of diagnostic criteria because there were no laboratory or diagnostic tests for ASD. But today, in 2040, the world is different. Dr. McDonald sends Andrew’s stool sample off to a lab for microbiome sequencing, and the microbial profile comes back with decreased Lachnospiracea and Dialister bacteria, a finding which supports a diagnosis of ASD. Crazy as it may seem, a world where a patient’s microbial signature deeply impacts their care is not far from reality. The goal of this chapter is to highlight the current methods for sequencing the microbiome, including common analyses, to understand potential future advances in the field, and to arm clinicians with practical knowledge for critically appraising extant and future literature surrounding the microbiome.
Oral Health
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Ana Moura Teles, José Manuel Cabeda
In primary infections, predominant taxa detected include species of Peptostreptococcus, Parvimonasmicra, Filifactoralocis, and P. alactolyticus, and species of Dialister, F. nucleatum, T. denticola, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, Prevotella baroniae, P. intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Bacteroidaceae [G-1] HOT272 (Siqueira and Rocas 2009). Enterococcus faecalis was detected, but in lower levels. However, in retreatment cases advocated for secondary or persistent endodontic infections, the predominant taxa include Enterococcus species such as E. faecalis, Parvimonas micra, Filifactor alocis, P. alactolyticus, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus anginosus, and Propionibacterium propionicum (Aw 2016; Krishnan et al. 2017).
Profile of the oral microbiota from preconception to the third trimester of pregnancy and its association with oral hygiene practices
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Xuena La, Hong Jiang, An Chen, Huajun Zheng, Liandi Shen, Weiyi Chen, Fengyun Yang, Lifeng Zhang, Xushan Cai, Hongfang Mao, Lu Cheng
Little research has been carried out to explore the oral microbiota of different oral hygiene practices. Our findings indicated that the group with better oral hygiene practices had lower alpha indexes at the preconception period. Furthermore, in the group with poorer oral hygiene practices before pregnancy, Prevotella 7,Prevotella 6, the Eubacterium nodatum group, Dialister, Filifactor, Peptostreptococcus and Aggregatibacter were significantly enriched, and the abundance of Campylobacter and Dialister was higher during pregnancy. As mentioned above, Prevotella are oral opportunistic pathogens related to gingivitis. Species under the Dialister branch are mostly anaerobic or microaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, which are associated with dental pulp infection, periodontitis, and other oral diseases. Some studies have detected D. pneumosintes in the placenta and amniotic fluid [40], suggesting that oral hygiene practices might have underlying impact on oral health and pregnancy outcomes.
Gut microbiota in mucosa and feces of newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve adult inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome patients
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Hana Čipčić Paljetak, Anja Barešić, Marina Panek, Mihaela Perić, Mario Matijašić, Ivana Lojkić, Ana Barišić, Darija Vranešić Bender, Dina Ljubas Kelečić, Marko Brinar, Mirjana Kalauz, Marija Miličević, Dora Grgić, Nikša Turk, Irena Karas, Silvija Čuković-Čavka, Željko Krznarić, Donatella Verbanac
Compared to microbiota footprint of healthy individuals (Table 3), both IBD and IBS had a marked increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria, most notably Enterobacteriaceae, as well as Eubacterium. Relative enrichment of Dialister was noted in CD and UC patients. At the same time, IBD specimens (CD in particular) display decreased abundance of several families belonging to the order Clostridiales, most notable being the depletion of Christensenellaceae. IBD affected individuals had several protective taxa depleted, particularly a significant depletion of Anaerostipes and Ruminococcus, a marked reduction of A. muciniphila, and a moderate decrease of F. prausnitzii. Adlercreutzia and Lactobacillus were also depleted in IBD. In CD patients, depletion of Veillonellaceae is noted, with significant reduction in the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium genus. R. gnavus was more abundant in all patients compared to healthy group, reaching statistical significance in CD. Although there is an increase in taxa belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum across patient groups, the most prominent difference distinguishes IBS from healthy controls.
The oral microbiome in alcohol use disorder: a longitudinal analysis during inpatient treatment
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
JJ Barb, KA Maki, N Kazmi, BK Meeks, M Krumlauf, RT Tuason, AT Brooks, NJ Ames, D Goldman, GR Wallen
Of bacteria that was associated with the healthy oral microbiome by Wilbert et al. (2020), 13 of the 14 were categorized as highly abundant in the HMP dataset (≥ 0.10% average RA). Of these genera that were highly abundant in HMP patients, we found five genera to be represented at less than 0.2% average abundance in AUD including Eikenella, Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, Treponema and Capnocytophaga. When comparing longitudinal changes of health-associated and disease-associated genera across the treatment period, the greatest number of genera changed in the first week of inpatient treatment. Other notable bacteria associated with periodontal disease that decreased during the inpatient treatment period were Megasphaera and Filifactor. Lactobacillus also had large mean decreases in average RA, but changes were not statistically significant due to high interindividual variability in changes across patients. Dialister, a periodontal disease associated genus, remained significantly decreased from day 2 through the entire course of treatment. Over the course of the treatment period, there were also differences in the RA of health-associated genera, although a majority of the changes in health-associated genera occurred in the first week.