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Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Alasdair M. Geddes, Ian M. Gould, Jason A. Roberts, Jason A. Trubiano, M. Lindsay Grayson
Gram-negative anaerobic cocci such as Veillonella spp. were usually sensitive to Pen G (Sutter and Finegold, 1976) but resistance is now described (Reig et al., 1997), usually in the absence of beta-lactamase production, and may be quite common (Nyfors et al., 2003). Up to 68% of Veillonella spp. in 49 healthy infants were penicillin resistant, resistance increasing with age, although MICs were clustered around the 2 μg/ml breakpoint; but strains with an MIC > 8 μg/ml have been described (Reig et al., 1997). Ready et al. (2004) found that 79% of 24 V. parvula isolates obtained from children penicillin resistant, but they had been selected for study as they were amoxicillin resistant. A strain of Acidaminococcus fermentans was described as penicillin resistant due to class A beta-lactamase production (Gallan et al., 2000).
Control of the Large Bowel Microflora
Published in Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh, Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
Bohumil S. Drasar, April K. Roberts
Numerically, the most important genus of intestinal bacteria in animals and humans are the Gram-negative Bacteroides. Among the Gram-positive, nonsporing rods several genera are numerically important in the gut. Obligate anaerobic types include Eubacterium sp. and Bifidobacterium sp., such as the B. bifidum and B. infantis found in the feces of breast-fed infants. The genus Lactobacillus contains many species occurring in the gut of most warmblooded animals. Although numerically important throughout the alimentary tract, their ecological significance has not been conclusively elucidated. Several types of spore-forming rods and cocci are normal inhabitants of the gut. The genus Clostridium is probably the most ubiquitous. C. perfringens, C. bifermentans, and C. tetani are found regularly, albeit in relatively low numbers, in the lower gut of animals and are of significance in human and veterinary medicine. The presence of the aerobic Bacillus genus is thought to be the result of contamination of the environment. Facultative and obligate anaerobic Gram-positive cocci are numerically important in the gut. The strict anaerobes include Peptostreptococcus, Ruminococcus, Megaspnaera elsdenii, and Sarcina ventriculi. The facultatively anaerobic streptococci are well represented by many species from Lancefield group D including Streptococcus faecalis, S. bovis, and S. equinus, and some from group K such as S. salivarius which is usually associated with the mouth. Gram-negative anaerobic cocci include Veillonela and Acidaminococcus. Although they are not numerically important, the Gram-negative facultative anaerobic rods include a number of very important pathogens. Members of the Enterobacteraceae, particularly E. coli, are usually thought of as the characteristic intestinal bacteria. Several types of spirochaete can be seen in the gut of healthy animals and their status in the human gut is uncertain.
The association between gut microbiome and anthropometric measurements in Bangladesh
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Gwendolyn Osborne, Fen Wu, Liying Yang, Dervla Kelly, Jiyuan Hu, Huilin Li, Farzana Jasmine, Muhammad G Kibriya, Faruque Parvez, Ishrat Shaheen, Golam Sarwar, Alauddin Ahmed, Mahbub Eunus, Tariqul Islam, Zhiheng Pei, Habibul Ahsan, Yu Chen
Next, we explored the associations between the microbial profile and the six anthropometric measures at the various taxonomic levels based on the relative abundance of each bacterial taxon (Table 4). Overall, the pattern of the significant association was consistent by bacterial taxonomy and across anthropometric measures. For instance, the relative abundance of the family Ruminococcaceae, to which the genus Oscillospira belongs, was related to all anthropometric measures by linear regression, either nominally or after FDR adjustment. The relative abundances of the order Desulfovibrionales, as well as its downstream family Desulfovibrionaceae and genus Desulfovibria were all nominally associated with MUAC, UTC, WHR, and WC. Likewise, the relative abundances of the order Turicibacterales, as well as its downstream family Turicibacteraceae and genus Turicibacter were all nominally associated with all antropometric measures. Figure 1 also shows consistent patterns of associations between the relative abundance of selected microbial genera and the six anthropometric measures. There was some overlap, but the correlations were not identical to the linear regression results. Specifically, after correction for multiple testing, the relative abundance of the genus Oscillospira was significantly inversely related to all six measures by linear regression (Table 4). Figure 2 depicts the dose–response decrease in relative abundance of the genus Oscillospira with increasing tertiles of each anthropometric measure by linear regression and by ANOVA. The relative abundance of the genus Acidaminococcus was significantly positively associated with BMI, WC, and HC. The relative abundance of the family S24-7 was significantly inversely related to all the six anthropometric measures by linear regression (Table 4). The relative abundance of the Ruminococcaceae family was inversely related to MUAC, WC, and WHR by linear regression (Table 4). Similar results were observed in sensitivity analyses excluding very lean subjects with BMI <18.5 (see Supplemental Table 1). The means, standard deviations, and medians of the relative abundance of the four significant taxa, as well as the percentage of samples the taxa were present in, are shown in Table 5.