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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
An 80-year-old woman was referred from the ophthalmology department and presented with an acute, weeping dermatitis predominantly affecting the lower legs, forearms and hands. Diffuse subacute dermatitis was noted on the trunk, but the face, including the conjunctivae, was spared. She had undergone a left cataract extraction under general anesthesia. A subconjunctival injection of framycetin (500 mg ophthalmic powder suspended in 0.5 ml sterile water for injection) was administered immediately after the operation as routine prophylaxis against endophthalmitis. Patch tests 8 years previously had been positive to neomycin. An intradermal test was now performed with framycetin (1 mg in 0.1 ml water). At D2, there was a 3-cm diameter area of erythema at the injection site (25). There is evidence of significant systemic absorption of framycetin following this route of administration (26) and it can be concluded that this patient had systemic contact dermatitis (25).
Principles and Methods of Ocular Pharmacokinetic Evaluation
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Injection into the subconjunctival space or sub-Tenon’s capsule is usually made in four injection sites, one in each quadrant of the eye. The sites are chosen to be between the most anterior portions of the extraocular muscles, thus avoiding the thinnest parts of the sclera (under the extraocular muscle insertions onto the sclera) to reduce the potential for direct injection into the eye (Figure 7). The injection of 100 to 200 μl of drug-containing solution subconjunctivally leaves a substantial bleb. While the intent of subconjunctival injection is to provide drug in closer apposition to the sclera, across which drug penetration would occur more readily (since the permeability is much higher than that of the cornea due to its structural configuration and absence of limiting membranes), this notion has been modified. Current thinking suggests that the injection perforation per se leaves a route for drug to enter the tear film and thus enter the eye via the corneal route.
Exploring Potential of Nanocarriers for Therapy of Mycotic Keratitis
Published in Mahendra Rai, Marcelo Luís Occhiutto, Mycotic Keratitis, 2019
Mrunali R. Patel, Rashmin B. Patel, Anuj J. Patel
Fungizone® eye drops contain Amphotericin B, highly hydrophobic compound, solubilized using deoxycholate. The subconjunctival injection of it induced severe corneal and conjunctival edema with necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells, whereas its liposomal formulation (AmBisome®) demonstrated mild toxicity or inflammation near the injection site (Tremblay et al. 1985, Cohen et al. 1996, Cannon et al. 2003). This was expected due to the localization of the drug inside the phospholipid bilayer limiting contact with epithelial cells, and the absence of deoxycholate. Thus, it was expected that a combination of reduced toxicity, a longer persistence at the site of action and a higher amphotericin B concentration would increase the therapeutic index for the drug in the treatment of fungal keratitis (Morand et al. 2007).
Perillaldehyde Protects Against Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis by Reducing Fungal Load and Inhibiting Inflammatory Cytokines and LOX-1
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Mengting He, Jia You, Xing Liu, Xudong Peng, Cui Li, Shanshan Yang, Qiang Xu, Jing Lin, Guiqiu Zhao
C57BL/6 mice (female, 8 weeks) were purchased from Jinan Pengyue Laboratory. The treatments of animals were in line with the ARVO Statement towards the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. Mice were grouping according to experimental needs. The method of modeling was intrastromal injection by sterile microliter syringe (10 μL; Hamilton Corp, Bonaduz, GR, Switzerland). Mice were anesthetized by chloral hydrate at a concentration of 8%. The right eye of each mouse in the infection group was injected with 2.5 μL of A. fumigatus conidia suspension at a concentration of 2.5 × 106 CFU/mL. The left eye was considered as black control. Twenty-four hours after infection, experimental eyes were treated with subconjunctival injection with 5 μL PAE (6 mM), the control group was injected with 5 μL DMSO (1%) at the same time. We used a slit lamp to observe the eyes and took photos to measure the uniformity of the model. From two days post infection (p.i.), 5 μL PAE (6 mM) or DMSO (1%) treatment was adopted for topical eye drop three times a day. Pictures were also taken by slit lamp at three and 5 d after infection. The clinical score was used to assess the severity of infection of the mice corneas. Mainly evaluated from the following aspects including the area, degree, and shape of the ulcer. Each aspect was divided into a score of 0–4 according to the severity of the infection. Removed mice corneas for experiments according to the experimental design, including RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. The eyeballs at 3 d p.i. were used for IFS24.
Formulation and investigation of pilocarpine hydrochloride niosomal gels for the treatment of glaucoma: intraocular pressure measurement in white albino rabbits
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Neelam Jain, Anurag Verma, Neeraj Jain
Rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (six rabbits in each group). Group I served as control while Group II and Group III were treated with G2 niosomal gel formulation and marketed Pilopine HS® gel respectively (Preethi & Kunal, 2016; Erfani et al., 2013). Glaucoma disease was induced by Bonomi et al., 1978 method. Rabbits were treated with subconjunctival injections of 0.25 ml Betamethasone injection (Betamethasone sodium 4 mg/ml) every week for three successive weeks in left and right eyes. Local anesthetic eye drops (Benox®) were used prior to subconjunctival injection. The activity was confirmed by noticing a bulge formation at the site of injection. The right eye of each rabbit was kept as control and the left eye was treated for glaucoma using 40 µl (equivalent to 40 µg of pilocarpine HCl) of selected formulation (G2) and marketed Pilopine HS® gel for group II and group III, respectively. The intraocular pressure (IOP) readings were measured using Schiotz Tonometer, before drug administration and 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, 9 h, 10 h, 11 h and 24 h after drug administration. IOP was measured three times at each time interval and the means were recorded.
Interferon Alfa 2b for Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia: Factors Influencing the Treatment Response
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2019
Swathi Kaliki, Kavya Madhuri Bejjanki, Akruti Desai, Ashik Mohamed
A standard protocol was followed in all patients. All patients were treated with topical IFN (1 MIU/cc) ± monthly subconjunctival injection (5 MIU/cc). Topical interferon was freshly reconstituted and dispensed to the patient every month. Patients with isolated corneal tumor received only topical interferon and those with limbal and conjunctival component received additional subconjunctival injection of IFN along with topical IFN. Alternate treatment was considered for OSSN if there was a poor response to IFN after 3 months of treatment. ‘Poor response’ was defined as a persistent tumor with minimal change in tumor size. If the patient developed any serious side effects while using IFN, appropriate alternate treatment was considered even if it was in the first three months of treatment. The details of alternate treatment were recorded. The total number of months of topical IFN and the total number of subconjunctival injections of IFN for complete tumor regression was noted. ‘Complete response’ was defined as the regression of OSSN with no trace of residual lesion based on slit lamp examination and AS-OCT findings. All patients received topical IFN for 3 more months after complete clinical resolution of tumor.