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Pulmonary – Treatable traits
Published in Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord, The Asthmas, 2023
Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be measured in exhaled breath and their profile patterns might potentially be used to distinguish different asthma phenotypes. ‘Electronic nose’ technology provides a means of studying VOCs in individual patients, by utilising an array of sensors that react with different VOCs to generate a specific ‘breath print’. Exhaled breath condensate collection is an easy, non-invasive, reproducible technique that can be used to measure several asthma biomarkers, including pH, markers of oxidative stress (including hydrogen peroxide), microRNA profiles, lipoxines, cytokines and leukotrienes. Exhaled breath temperature is another potential biomarker for asthma, since blood flow in asthmatic airways is increased, resulting in a measurable increase in exhaled breath temperature. However, these techniques are still in the research phase and more work is required to standardise methodology and assess clinical utility.
Metabolomics and perinatal complications
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Flaminia Bardanzellu, Moshe Hod, Vassilios Fanos
Interesting results have also been reported with the analysis of organic volatile metabolites measured evaluating exhaled breath condensate (EBC) (a biofluid noninvasively collected by cooling the air expired) through portable devices or electronic noses (51). The detection of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath has been named “breathomics” (43,52).
Breathomics and its Application for Disease Diagnosis: A Review of Analytical Techniques and Approaches
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
David J. Beale, Oliver A. H. Jones, Avinash V. Karpe, Ding Y. Oh, Iain R. White, Konstantinos A. Kouremenos, Enzo A. Palombo
Some researchers collect exhaled breath condensate (EBC), which is a biofluid obtained non-invasively after collecting and cooling the exhaled air (Baraldi et al., 2009; Carraro et al., 2007; Ibrahim et al., 2013). Typically, the condensate is collected via a sampling device fitted with a condenser and a saliva trap. A major advantage of analyzing EBC is that it captures both volatile and non-volatile metabolites (Nobakht et al., 2015). The EBC is collected over a period of 15 or more minutes and its composition is believed to reflect that of the fluid lining the airways (Carraro et al., 2007). Exhaled breath vapor/condensate (EBV/EBC) collection, has been described in a widely cited research paper by Martin et al. (2010). The study involved the use of a solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibre fitted inside the commercial breath collection device, namely the RTubeTM. The SPME adsorbed sample was then desorbed to a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assembly for analysis. The test indicated a presence of limonene and related metabolites such as pinene, myrcene and terpinols from breath samples of individuals who had consumed lemonade. The study also showed a great potential for detecting compounds more relevant to medical diagnosis.
A glimpse in post-COVID pathophysiology: the role of exhaled breath condensate pH as an early marker of residual alveolar inflammation
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Andrea Portacci, Paola Pierucci, Vitaliano Nicola Quaranta, Sara Quaranta, Ilaria Iorillo, Cristian Locorotondo, Enrico Buonamico, Silvano Dragonieri, Giovanna Elisiana Carpagnano
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is considered a promising tool for such purpose. In fact, EBC allows the study of the lining liquid fluid of bronchial and alveolar mucosa [8], which is an incredible source of useful information. Moreover, EBC collection is noninvasive, inexpensive and easy to perform, although it requires a variable amount of time to complete the sampling procedure [9]. The use of EBC has been extensively described in patients suffering from different lung diseases [10]. During COVID-19 pandemic, EBC has been studied mainly for diagnostic purposes. Barberis et al described how a metabolomic-based approach to EBC can correctly identify patients with COVID-19 disease, using healthy volunteers and patients with Cardiopulmonary edema as control groups [11]. On the other hand, several authors tried to detect SARS-COV2 RNA using EBC, with contrasting results [12–14]. Despite this interesting data, evidences describing EBC features in patients suffering from post-COVID syndrome are still lacking.
Continuous positive airway pressure affects mitochondrial function and exhaled PGC1-α levels in obstructive sleep apnea
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2021
Ching-Chi Lin, Wei-Ji Chen, Yi-Kun Sun, Chung-Hsin Chiu, Mei-Wei Lin, I-Shiang Tzeng
The mitochondrial DNA to nuclear genome (Mt/N) ratio is an indicator of mitochondrial dysfunction.9 Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) can be measured non-invasively and repeatedly to obtain samples for evaluating airway inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.15,16 Although continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is very effective for treating severe or moderate OSA,17 the effects of CPAP on mitochondrial function and plasma and EBC levels of PGC1-α in subjects with OSA have not been evaluated. We analyzed the Mt/N ratio in the blood and EBC, as well as plasma and EBC levels of PGC1-α in subjects with OSA. Moreover, we examined the correlation between OSA severity with mitochondrial function and role of CPAP.
A review on human body fluids for the diagnosis of viral infections: scope for rapid detection of COVID-19
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Sphurti S Adigal, Nidheesh V Rayaroth, Reena V John, Keerthilatha M Pai, Sulatha Bhandari, Aswini Kumar Mohapatra, Jijo Lukose, Ajeetkumar Patil, Aseefhali Bankapur, Santhosh Chidangil
Advancements in nanotechnology and photonics tools have generated high interest amongst researchers to focus on breath analysis for clinical diagnosis, especially, in respiratory medicine due to its noninvasive nature [46]. Even though, water vapor contributes to ~99% of the exhaled breath condensate (EBC), the remaining fraction is carrying the respiratory droplets originated from airway lining fluid, which has urged the scientists to use it as potential specimen for respiratory disorders [47]. Exhaled breath analysis has been explored for the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, and many other diseases [48]. Breath samples can be collected using tedlar bag/mylar bags/syringe depending upon the method used for the analysis. These samples are to undergo some preliminary processing to avoid possible contamination from local environment [49].