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Steroid Hormone Receptors Involved in Reproduction: Mechanism of Action
Published in Robert E. Garfield, Thomas N. Tabb, Control of Uterine Contractility, 2019
Paul Robel, Baulieu Etienne-Emile
Nowadays, the nuclear model has overcome the two others. It implies an almost exclusive nuclear localization of receptors, either in the absence or presence of hormone, whatever their state of activation. This nuclear model rests on two types of experimental evidence: It is possible, by the combined use of cytochalasin B (a drug which disrupts the cytoskeleton), and of centrifugal force, to expel the nuclei outside the cells. The experiment was made with the estrogen receptor of MCF7 cells, which derive from a pleural effusion of breast cancer. It has shown that, even in the absence of hormone, the receptor is almost exclusively nuclear.Overall, immunohistochemical investigations with specific antibodies to estradiol, progesterone, and androgen receptors have shown a labeling restricted to nuclei, independently of the presence of hormone. The situation is less clear-cut in the case of glucocorticosteroid receptors (Figure 6).
Secondary Radiation Production and Shielding at Proton Therapy Facilities
Published in Harald Paganetti, Proton Therapy Physics, 2018
Care must be exercised in the use of computational models. There are differences in codes and differences in nuclear models and cross-section libraries that can result in large uncertainties. Depending upon the code and nuclear model that is used, the doses can be overestimated or underestimated.
Intersectional Analysis of the Life Course of LGBTQ+ Parent Families in Québec: Partial and Homonormative Inclusion
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2023
Marianne Chbat, Isabel Côté, Geneviève Pagé, Martin Blais
It is currently impossible to know the exact number of families with LGBTQ+ parents living in Québec, one of the largest and most populous provinces in Canada. However, according to the 2016 Canadian census, there were approximately 2,175 families in Québec that identified themselves as having LGBTQ+ parents. Despite this low representativeness (0.2% of Québec families are said to be formed by LGBTQ+ parents), the number of these families more than doubled since 2006, up from 975, which represents an increase of 123.1%. The majority of these families had two mothers (83.9%). Concerning trans parents, it has been estimated that over a third of trans people are also parents (Grant et al., 2011). Data on families with bisexual, pansexual, or queer parents, or those who otherwise have sexual and emotional orientations existing outside the homo/hetero binary, remain difficult to quantify (Goldberg & Allen, 2020). That being said, while it is impossible to accurately estimate the number of families with LGBTQ+ parents, we recognize that the family as an institution has undergone major changes and has transformed from a homogeneous nuclear model to a more diverse and complex one (Lacourse, 2015). Concretely, in Québec, these changes have manifested mainly through various societal changes, such as the deinstitutionalization of marriage, the recognition of common-law unions, and the increase in divorces and blended families. All these changes have encouraged family diversity (Lacourse, 2015). LGBTQ+ people have also benefited from these changes, which have enabled them to form their families through various means: assisted reproduction with the help of a known donor or a fertility clinic, surrogacy, international or local adoption, multiple parenting, or having children from previous heterosexual relationships. Although these various means have enabled LGBTQ+ families to grow in number, the conditions surrounding these various methods mean they are not accessible to all LGBTQ+ parents, which results in this community having inequitable access to the ability to start a family. In the next section, we will discuss the various measures and laws that have framed certain changes related to family law in Québec and how these changes have also contributed to the greater, albeit partial, inclusion of families with LGBTQ+ parents.