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Conjugated Graphene Gold Nanocomposites for Cancer Therapy
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Zaira Zaman Chowdhury, Abu Nasser Faisal, Shahjalal Mohammad Shibly, Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha
Due to their distinctive nanometric sizes, nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as prominent, broadly acceptable composites in various sectors. The upshot is that nanoparticles are chemically more reactive and exhibit more special attributes than their larger-scale counterparts. Nanodevices used for biomedical application are well-designed to play a key role in the field of medicine in the long run. A large spectrum of positive features, including increased rate of reaction, improved sensitivities, selectivity, reduced expenditure, and invasiveness (Boisseau and Loubaton 2011) are observed for NPs. The research and evidence that have been compiled reveal that nanoparticles (NPs) have the incredible opportunity to be used for disease detection, medication, prevention, and therapeutic interventions (Boisseau and Loubaton 2011). The present status of nanomaterials (NPs) applications in biomedical disciplines can be evidenced from following Table 16.1 (Al-Ani et al. 2017).
Nanotechnological Strategies for Engineering Complex Tissues
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Tal Dvir, Brian P. Timko, Daniel S. Kohane, Robert Langer
After successfully engineering a tissue, nanodevices can be useful for triggering desired processes and for following tissue development, where functionality is dependent on the specific material chosen (Table 12.3). Moreover, the interaction of nanomaterials with existing microtechnologies may improve their function. For example, electrodes designed to stimulate neural tissue can be improved by coating them with nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes or other inorganic crystals [86]. Individual carbon nanotubes have been shown to form spontaneous junctions with lipid bilayers that are tight compared with the size of a single protein [87]. Such tight interfaces can improve the quality of neural stimulation and recording by reducing the impedance between the device and cell membrane [50]. Tungsten or stainless steel electrodes coated with carbon nanotubes were shown to be more effective at stimulating and recording from brain tissue than their uncoated counterparts. This is mostly attributed to impedance considerations as well as the higher surface area for charge transfer and favourable stability in vivo [86]. Other types of nanoparticle coatings enable more exquisite functionality such as light sensitivity. For instance, photovoltaic mercury telluride particles assembled into layer-by-layer electrodes were able to stimulate cultured neurons when exposed to visible light [88].
Biocatalytic Nanoreactors for Medical Purposes
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Oscar González-Davis, Chauhan Kanchan, Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field, in which materials at the nanoscale are synthesized to take advantage of enhanced properties such as higher strength, lighter weight, increased electrical conductivity, and chemical reactivity compared to their larger-scale equivalents. Nanomaterials are already revolutionizing several industrial fields by the introduction of new processes, and unique materials for aeronautics, energy generation, biomedical and environmental applications, and coating, among others. Nanotechnology has significantly impacted the development of medicine. Nanomedicine is a branch of medicine that applies the nanotechnological tools for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nanomedicine involves the use of nanomaterials, such as biocompatible nanoparticles and nanodevices, for diagnosis, delivery, sensing, or actuation purposes in a living organism.
Application of conventional metallic nanoparticles on male reproductive system – challenges and countermeasures
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Sonali Bhattacharya, Sudipta Majumdar nee Paul
The amalgamation of chemical and engineering technologies in formulating an environmentally sustainable and less toxic but competent product has given rise to green nanoparticle, thus paving a way to minimize the adverse effects of their normal counterparts. However, the associated risks posed to the health workers cannot be overlooked and needs proper detection or identification, operational handling of these risks as well as communication in an accessible way by public-private collaborative efforts (Verma et al. 2019). In addition, the classification of nanomedicines and nanodevices is not consistent all over the world due to which the regulatory criteria vary according to the country (Kelly 2010). There is still no clarity on the methodology of size measurement of NPs. A single method cannot measure the size of each NP as they differ in their morphology as well as their possibility of being in a different form than would otherwise be in a physiological solution (Leong et al. 2019). A dearth of proper and compatible preclinical studies has caused their failure in the clinical trials. The Asian countries are now working toward devising rules to address these emerging issues. In India, the nanomedicine research is very much restricted to the academic community with very little chance of commercialization. There is a need for the coordination between different contributors, i.e., academics, government, and pharmaceutical companies to lay down a regulatory framework of strategies to make a transition.
Micro and nanorobot-based drug delivery: an overview
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Muhammad Suhail, Arshad Khan, Muhammad Abdur Rahim, Abid Naeem, Muhammad Fahad, Syed Faisal Badshah, Abdul Jabar, Ashok Kumar Janakiraman
It is a type of nanodevices, which are employed for defending or managing human pathogens. It is a small instrument synthesised to accomplish a specific project or occasionally tasks with accuracy at nanoscale proportions of 1–100 nm. They are predictable to strength at three different atomic, molecular, and cellular levels to implement responsibilities in both therapeutic and industrialised levels [16]. As stated in nanorobotic theory, ‘nanorobots are microscopic in size, it would probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks’ [17]. Developments in robotics engineering, computers, medicines, nanotechnology, and bioinformatics may lead to the fabrication of smart nanorobotic drug delivery systems. Respirocyte nanorobots, microbivores nanorobots, surgical nanorobots, and cellular repair nanorobots are a few examples of nanorobots.
Exosomal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and patient monitoring
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
However, for exosome-based diagnostics to become prevalent in the clinic, it is necessary to overcome the issues with yield, purity, and time. Current isolation techniques can be laborious, which makes them unattractive for use by physicians. Additionally, these limitations are likely to result in high cost to the patient which can limit the feasibility of such a diagnostic. Microfluidic chips and other types of nanosensing devices may provide the ability to overcome the cost and labor necessary for processing exosomes from body fluids. The biggest hurdle with using nanodevices and microfluidics, however, is their wide range of design. There is currently no standard for such devices and many struggle with consistency in fabrication. Some also require expensive equipment while others lend themselves well to portability and clinical use. Despite these disadvantages, there are many devices, each attempting to mitigate the issues in design and reproducibility while optimizing sensitivity and specificity. It is reasonable, therefore, to expect an exosome-based diagnostic to become widely used in the clinic as the field progresses and optimizes.