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Central Auditory Processing: From Diagnosis to Rehabilitation
Published in Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm, Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
Maria Isabel Ramos do Amaral, Leticia Reis Borges, Maria Francisca Colella-Santos
The tests available in clinical practice to evaluate this ability are based on the psychoacoustic method of detecting time intervals (gap) between two sounds. In order to individual perceive two stimuli that occur one after another, a sufficient time interval, or gap, is necessary. Otherwise, the two stimuli (before and after the gap) are perceived as only one stimulus. The aim of the test is to establish a gap detection threshold (GDT) and procedures involving these parameters are relatively new in clinical practice when compared with temporal patterns tests.
Auditory sensitivity
Published in Stanley A. Gelfand, Hearing, 2017
A lucid appreciation of temporal resolution is provided by the gap detection technique, which has been employed by numerous investigators since it was introduced by Plomp in 1964 (e.g., Penner, 1977; Fitzgibbons, 1983; Shailer and Moore, 1983; Fitzgibbons and Gordon-Salant, 1987; Forest and Green, 1987; Formby and Muir, 1988; Moore et al., 1992; Schneider et al., 1994; Trehub et al., 1995; Phillips et al., 1997; Lister et al., 2002; Phillips and Smith, 2004; Elangovan and Stuart, 2008). The basic strategy of the gap detection experiment is actually quite straightforward. Suppose we have a continuous burst of noise lasting 500 ms. We could “chop out” a short segment in the center of the noise lasting, say, 10 ms. We now have a (leading) noise burst lasting 245 ms, followed by a 30 ms silent period, followed by a (trailing) 245 ms noise burst. Hence, we have a gap lasting 10 ms surrounded in time by leading and trailing noise bursts. Three different gap durations are illustrated schematically in Figure 9.16. The subject is asked whether he hears the gap, hence, the paradigm is called gap detection. The duration of the gap is varied according to some psychophysical method (see Chapters 7 and 8) in order to find the shortest detectable gap between the two noise bursts, which is called the gap detection threshold (GDT). Thus, the GDT reflects the shortest time interval we can resolve, and it is taken as a measure of temporal resolution.
A transdisciplinary protocol evaluating auditory processing disorder (APD) in children using speech and non-speech stimuli and tools for common co-morbidities: time to re-evaluate APD diagnostic criteria
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2021
Three tests were included in this category and included:Gap detection test (GDT): Pairs of tones are presented with increasing duration of gaps of 0, 2, 5,10,15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 milliseconds (ms). The child is instructed to tell if the tone pair sounds ‘one’ or ‘two’; and three consecutive ‘two’ responses between 2 and 30 ms is taken a passing the test. This test evaluates auditory temporal processing [27].Frequency pattern test (FPT): A series of sequence of three tones, containing high and low frequency tones, are presented and participants need to respond by mentioning the sequence of tones such as ‘high/high/low’, ‘low/low/high’, ‘high/low/high’, etc. The percentage of correct responses are recorded and pass or fail in the test is determined based on normative data available for individuals 8 years and older. This test is commercially available from ‘Audiology Illustrated’ [30,31].Dichotic Digits test (DD): Two different digits are presented to both ears simultaneously, and the participants are required to repeat them in any order. The percentage of correct responses are recorded and pass or fail is determined based on normative data available for participants 7 years of age and older [31]. Dichotic digits have lower linguistic load than the speech stimuli above.
Development of multi-epitope chimeric vaccine against Taenia solium by exploring its proteome: an in silico approach
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Rimanpreet Kaur, Naina Arora, Majeed Abdulwahid Jamakhani, Shelvia Malik, Pramod Kumar, Farhan Anjum, Shweta Tripathi, Amit Mishra, Amit Prasad
The 3D structure of the multi-epitope vaccine was generated by RaptorX server, the structure was partitioned into three domains. The first, second, and third domain constitutes 1–216, 326–525, and 217–325 sequences, respectively. Template with PDB ID 1u3i:A was used to model domain 1, templates with PDB ID 5u7xF, 4bqzA, 5u7pA, 4br9A, 3zx0A were chosen for domain 2 and PDB ID1c72A, 5an1A, 4q5qA, 2dc5A used for the modeling of domain 3. The overall best template for the prediction was 1u3iA with P-value of 8.83e-07 while the overall uGDT (GDT) (un-normalized Global Distance Test) was 293. We modeled 100% amino acid residues of which 83% positions were ordered and 17% positions were found to be disordered in the regions of 1–2, 233–281, 299–310, 493–494, and 497–501 with varying degrees. The degree of solvent accessibility also varied, based on amino acids position predicted in their 3D structure such as divided like exposed (47%), bury (26%) and medium (25%), given in Supplement Figure 1(a,b).
Effect of rate altered perception of deep band modulated phrase in noise from normal hearing younger and older adult groups
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2019
Hemanth Narayan Shetty, Akshay Mendhakar
Temporal processing ability from each of the study participant was obtained binaurally from the Gap Detection Test (GDT). Maximum likelihood procedure (MLP) m-code stored in MATLAB (2009B) was used to deliver the gap in three interval force choice method. The output of the personal laptop was routed through the audiometer. The output of audiometer was presented through the headphone. The task was to detect a brief pause in broadband white noise presented binaurally, at the listener's most comfortable level. A 3-AFC, 1 up-2-down adaptive procedure was used to estimate detection thresholds [21]. Each interval contained a 500 ms long noise sample and in a randomly chosen interval, a brief, temporally centred, gap was introduced. The initial gap duration was 20 ms and it was adjusted in 0.5 ms steps. The stimulus was generated in MATLAB at a sampling rate of 22,000 and routed to headphones through an audiometer. The adaptive tracking procedure was stopped after 12 reversals and the threshold estimate was obtained by averaging the gap-duration values at the last four reversals.