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Melanotropin Three-Dimensional Structural Studies by Physical Methods and Computer-Assisted Molecular Modeling
Published in Mac E. Hadley, The Melanotropic Peptides, 2018
Wayne L. Cody, J. W. Sam Stevenson, Fahad Al-Obeidi, Elizabeth E. Sugg, Victor J. Hruby
The relationship between the three-dimensional conformation and biological activity in α-MSH has been examined by a variety of researchers using numerous biophysical methods including (1) reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC),20,21 (2) circular dichroism (CD),22 (3) computer-assisted molecular modeling,23-25 and (4) proton26-29 and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The purpose of this chapter will be to discuss the results obtained to date, critically analyze the results, and provide stimulus for future research.
The effects of guluronic acid (G2013), a new emerging treatment, on inflammatory factors in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients under in vitro conditions
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Safa Tahmasebi, Hassan Neishaboori, Davood Jafari, Elham Faghihzadeh, Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh, Abbas Mirshafiey
Guluronic acid (G2013) is a herbal-based agent introduced by the C6H10O7 molecular formula and (2 R/3S/4S/5S)-2/3/4/5-tetrahydroxy-6-oxohex-anoic acid IUPAC name. G2013 is originated from alginic acid sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) as a reference sample. A modified method of the acid hydrolysis procedure was utilized for purification, which was carried out in the following order briefly: dissolving the alginic acid sodium salt (100 g) in 20% H2SO4 at 0 °C, stirring the mixture at room temperature, heating the solution at 80 °C until cream color turns light brown, cooling hydrolysis at room temperature and precipitating by centrifugation (3700 g), dissolving the precipitate by neutralization via Na2CO3 (1 M), and aligning the solution with pH = 2.85 using HCL (0.1 M). After collecting the precipitate (guluronic acid), it was washed by distilled water, spread over, and dried out in Petri dishes. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13 CNMR) spectroscopy [confirming its molecular weight (194.139 g/mol)], and exact/monoisotopic mass (194.043 g/mol) were applied to characterize the hydrolytic products [23].
Evaluation of the acute and 28-day sub-acute intravenous toxicity of α-l -guluronic acid (ALG; G2013) in mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Ahmad Mahdian-Shakib, Mohammad Sadegh Hashemzadeh, Ali Anissian, Mona Oraei, Abbas Mirshafiey
The small molecule of G2013 (ALG) is the epimer form of previously introduced M2000 (BDM) with the chemical structure of C6H10O7 and molecular weight of 194.139 g/mol, and IUPAC name of ((2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid) was patented (DE-102016113017.6) as a novel NSAID (Nazeri et al.2017). The G2013 was prepared in the Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, and its schematic chemical structure is illustrated in Figure 1(A,B). A modified acid hydrolysis method was used in preparation and purification of G2013 as described elsewhere in detail (Afraei et al.2015, Nazeri et al.2017). In brief, 100 g of the alginic acid sodium salt was dissolved in 0 °C of 20% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and mixed thoroughly at room temperature. Then the solution was heated up to 80 °C until its color was changed (from a creamy color to the light brown). Afterwards, this solution was left to be cooled until it reaches room temperature and precipitated by centrifugation at 3700×g. The 1 M Na2HCO3 was used to redissolve and neutralize the precipitate. Then, using 0.1 M HCl, the solution pH was adjusted to 2.85. Finally, the precipitate (ALG) was collected once again, and after washing with distilled water was dried out in petri dishes, and the appropriate amounts of ALG were dissolved in PBS for i.v. injections. Furthermore, the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy were used to confirm its molecular weight (194.139 g/mol).
Whole-body inhalation exposure to 2-ethyltoluene for two weeks produced nasal lesions in rats and mice
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Madelyn C. Huang, Cynthia J. Willson, Sridhar Jaligama, Gregory L. Baker, Alan W. Singer, Yu Cao, Jessica Pierfelice, Esra Mutlu, Brian Burback, Guanhua Xie, David E. Malarkey, Barney Sparrow, Kristen Ryan, Matthew Stout, Georgia K. Roberts
Sarchem Laboratories, Inc (Farmingdale, NJ) provided us with 2-ET (CAS no. 611-14-3; Lot No. SL-0197). Characterization of the test material was performed by Battelle Columbus (Columbus, OH). Chemical identity was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. Purity was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and also in comparison to a purchased high purity standard (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Water content by Karl Fischer titration was also performed.