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Biochemical Markers in Ophthalmology
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Abdus Samad Ansari, Pirro G. Hysi
Biological markers (“biomarkers”) are characteristics that are “objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention” [1]. They can be used to evaluate the risk of developing a health condition, as diagnostic or disease-stratifying tools, indicators of disease prognosis, and to monitor response to treatment.
Primary Bone Tumors
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Jeremy S. Whelan, Rob C. Pollock, Rachael E. Windsor, Mahbubl Ahmed
Adaptation of therapy according to risk factors remains insufficiently developed for patients with extremity osteosarcoma. This is because the most powerful indicator of outcome, histological response, is only available well into any program of systemic therapy. Furthermore, no study has clearly identified that alteration of therapy on the basis of histological response can improve survival for those with poor rates of necrosis. It is hoped that newer biological markers may provide earlier indications of outcome that can be used to plan individualized treatment. This is now an important focus for ongoing clinical studies which seek to unlock the complex biology of osteosarcoma in order to identify new targets.32,33
Concluding remarks
Published in Vee P. Prasher, Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2018
Although blood tests and brain imaging are routine assessments in adults with possible DAD in the general population and can aid the diagnosis, in the field of ID these investigations are often not undertaken. The development of a highly sensitive and reliable biological marker for DAD in all adults would be a significant advance in medical science. Such a biological marker would need to reflect the neuropathological and neurophysiological mechanisms of AD. It may be that a combination of biological markers will be necessary.
δEPCD: the electrophysiologic coefficient of depressiveness
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Rami Bou Khalil, Rhéa El Khoury
Finding a biological marker for depression has been considered a major objective for researchers during the last decades (Strawbridge et al. 2017). This biological marker is expected to determine an individual’s vulnerability towards depression or an individual’s severity of clinical depression (including a patient’s response to a specific treatment). To date, a general consensus in the medical literature exists confirming the fact that no single known biological marker satisfies the required criteria of a good marker (Naylor 2003, Mayeux 2004). Instead, there is a tendency to consider a panel of biological markers in order to improve the test sensitivity and specificity. We thus elaborated δEPCD, which is the coefficient that includes the intrinsic difference of HF-HRV and QUIN/KYNA before (state 0) and after (state 1) the exposure to a stressful situation. It would be calculated as follow:
Toxicity and biomarkers of micro-plastic in aquatic environment: a review
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Kamrul Hassan Suman, Md Niamul Haque, Md Jamal Uddin, Most Shirina Begum, Mahmudul Hasan Sikder
Biological markers (biomarkers) are biological features, i.e. antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase, that are easily measured and indexed as an indicator of normal and abnormal biological processes or responses (Hamza-Chaffai 2014). MPs can be ingested by phytoplankton and/or zooplankton and may enter food chain by trophic transfer including human consumption, thus the understanding its toxicological impact is urgent. It is suggested that current research on the toxic effect of MPs to be evaluated at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels (Pirsaheb et al. 2020). To increase our understanding on the toxic effect of MPs, various vertebrates and invertebrates have been used as bio-indicators. Commonly, the adverse effects of MPs on metabolic, membrane permeability, and physiological functions in bio-indicators are determined by measuring the modifications in biochemical, histopathological, and molecular biomarkers. Many biomarkers explored to estimate the consequence of MPs and however, the prominent biomarkers would be reviewed in this segment. Some of the important and commonly used biomarkers for various bioindicators are organised in Table 2.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in mCRPC - rationales, challenges and perspectives
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
H. Taghizadeh, M. Marhold, E. Tomasich, S. Udovica, A. Merchant, M. Krainer
Another more promising avenue would be to select patients according to biological markers. A classic example is microsatellite instability (MSI), which may not only select a particular more homogenous genetic subtype, but also one with consequences for immunogenicity. It was shown that deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) of DNA in cells causes microsatellite instability (MSI) meaning that the number of repeats of microsatellites differs from the repeat number of the corresponding normal DNA.92 MSI in turn causes genetic hypermutability ultimately resulting in higher mutational load. It has been demonstrated in several experiments that the impairment of the genomic integrity renders cancer cells more susceptible to ICPI. In metastatic prostate cancer, MSI and dMMR occur in up to 12%.93,94 Thus, the dMMR/MSI status could serve as a powerful and reliable biomarker for a more homogenous patient classification, optimization of patient selection for clinical trials and for therapy responsiveness and prognosis.95,96