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Plant-Based Adjunct Therapy for Tuberculosis
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Lydia Gibango, Anna-Mari Reid, Jonathan L. Seaman, Namrita Lall
Drug–drug interactions occur when the effect of one drug is affected by the presence of a concomitant drug (Magro et al., 2012). These drug interactions may cause adverse drug reactions which, for the most part, are predictable and can be avoided. However, prevention is very complex in practice due to the high number of drugs that could potentially interact with one another (Létinier et al., 2019).
Drug Design, Synthesis, and Development
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Drug-drug interactions, where one drug affects the activity of another, can arise when certain medicines are taken together. A common scenario is when a person takes antibiotics while on other medication. Many antibiotics inhibit cytochrome p450 and this can have consequences for any other drugs being taken. As a result, new drugs are tested to examine whether cytochrome p450 is inhibited or activated because of these challenges.
Medical Patients with Epilepsy
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Interactions between AEDs and drugs used to treat various medical illnesses are fairly common. The significance and time course of such interactions are determined by many variables, including the type of interaction, its duration, the individual patient’s genetic make-up, and prior exposure to agents that might modify the drug-drug interaction. Types of interaction include pharmaceutical incompatibility, pharmacodynamic (site of action) interactions, and pharmacokinetic interactions (absorption, distribution and binding, biotransformation, and excretion) (1). Binding and distribution interactions can at times affect the therapeutic range for total AED concentration while not necessarily affecting total dosage requirements or free drug concentrations.
Therapeutic drug monitoring-guided dosing for pediatric cystic fibrosis patients: recent advances and future outlooks
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Siân Bentley, Jamie Cheong, Nikesh Gudka, Sukeshi Makhecha, Simone Hadjisymeou-Andreou, Joseph F Standing
New therapies known as “CFTR modulators” have revolutionized the treatment landscape for people with CF. CFTR modulators target specific CFTR gene mutations, restoring CFTR protein function and addressing the underlying cause of CF. Patients eligible for these have seen significant improvements in lung function, reduced pulmonary exacerbations and sputum production, enhanced nutritional status, and improved quality of life [8]. However, it is important to acknowledge that these therapies are not without challenges [8]. With the improved symptomatology seen in patients receiving modulator therapy, there is a risk of decreased adherence with other aspects of CF treatment. Additionally, reduced sputum production can pose challenges in monitoring airway pathogens. Some patients have reported drug interactions and side effects, raising concerns over their tolerability [9]. So further research and ongoing monitoring are necessary to optimize the benefits and address the limitations associated with CFTR modulators.
Advances in pharmacotherapies for hyperuricemia
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Federica Piani, Davide Agnoletti, Claudio Borghi
Probenecid is a benzoic acid derivative initially developed to decrease the renal excretion of penicillin. Probenecid inhibits URAT1, OAT1, and OAT3 transporters, the ATP release channel pannexin 1, and, interestingly, has also modulatory activity against TRPV2, an ionic channel involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure [65]. Probenecid has been in clinical use for more than 50 years and has shown a limited adverse effect profile, with side effects similar to those of allopurinol (skin rash, gastrointestinal complaints, hypersensitivity). The recommended dosage goes from 500 mg to 1 g once daily. After oral administration, it is completely absorbed, and its half-life goes from 4 to 12 h. Probenecid is metabolized in the liver, and its metabolites are highly bound to plasma protein and eliminated by renal excretion [32]. Common side effects are indirect and involve drug-to-drug interactions. In fact, probenecid decreases renal elimination, thus increasing the concentration, of several commonly used drugs such as antibiotics. In moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (eGFR under 50 ml/min) there is a loss of effect, thus probenecid should be avoided [66]. In Dutch trials, patients refractory to allopurinol showed a higher response rate to benzbromarone than to probecencid (92% vs. 65%) [60].
Impact of Ramadan fasting on disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicenter study
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Amr Hassan, Nahla Merghany, Fatima Ouchkat, Wafa Regragui, Hanaa Kedah, Sherif M. Hamdy, Maged Abdel-Naseer, Hatem S. Shehata, Nevin M. Shalaby, Nirmeen A. Kishk, Mona A. F. Nada, Mohamed I. Hegazy, Marwa Farghaly, Sandra M. Ahmed, Mona Hussein
One of the most frequently asked questions from patients with MS about fasting is whether or not they have to reschedule their treatment due to fasting. Amending the drug regimen may be required for some patients with MS during Ramadan by prescribing slow-release preparations or substituting oral medications with injections. Sometimes the alterations in the doses and the period between doses might affect the serum levels of the drugs. Furthermore, food–drug interactions can alter the bioavailability of drugs. In addition, sleep disturbances, fatigue and physical stress might affect drugs pharmacokinetics. Taken together, these factors could greatly affect the efficacy, tolerability, and side effects of the drugs during Ramadan. Therefore, fasting should be avoided in case changing the drug regimen negatively affected symptoms management, the level of disability or the daily activities [32].