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Generics and Biosimilars
Published in Shein-Chung Chow, Innovative Statistics in Regulatory Science, 2019
In practice, other statistical methods such as Westlake’s symmetric confidence interval approach, confidence interval based on Fieller’s theorem, Chow and Shao’s joint confidence region approach, Bayesian methods, and non-parametric methods such as Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney two one-sided tests procedure, distribution-free confidence interval based on the Hodges-Lehmann estimator, and bootstrap confidence interval are sometimes considered (Chow and Liu, 2008).
Clinical outcomes from early use of digoxin-specific antibodies versus observation in chronic digoxin poisoning (ATOM-4)
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Betty S. Chan, Geoffrey K. Isbister, Colin B. Page, Katherine Z. Isoardi, Angela L. Chiew, Katharine A. Kirby, Nicholas A. Buckley
Descriptive data were reported as proportions and percentages. Medians, interquartile ranges (IQR) and ranges were used to summarise continuous data. Continuous variables were compared using paired t-tests to compare HR and potassium concentrations before and after Fab treatment and Mann-Whitney test or Fisher’s exact test to compare the group that received Fab with the observed group and analysed as per intention to treat. General Linear Model was used to determine if there were any differences in the change of HR and K with time between the group who received digoxin-Fab and the observed group. Hodges-Lehmann estimator was used to calculate the confidence intervals on the difference in outcome such a HR and K change. All statistical analysis was performed in Stata (StataCorp. 2017. Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC) and Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, www.graphpad.com). A p < .05 value was considered statistically significant.
Matricellular Proteins Play a Potential Role in Acute Primary Angle Closure
Published in Current Eye Research, 2018
Jing Wang, Mingshui Fu, Kun Liu, Ning Wang, Zhihua Zhang, Minwen Zhou, Xun Xu
Commercially available SPSS software (version 22.0.0.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism (version 6.0c, GraphPad software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) were used to analyze the results. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to determine whether our data fit with a normal distribution. The median value and interquartile range (IQR) were used to describe the distribution of SPARC, thrombospondin-2, tenascin-C, and osteopontin. Comparisons of the matricellular proteins and clinical characteristics between two groups were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test. The Kruskal–Wallis H test was used to measure the differences among the three groups. Differences between any two of the three groups were then detected using the post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparison test. Median differences were reported using a Hodges–Lehmann estimate and exact 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were stated. A correction for multiple testing was performed using Bonferroni’s method and we adjusted the p-value to 0.0167. Finally, a Spearman correlation test was performed to determine the correlation between the matricellular proteins and associated factors. A p-value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Responsiveness of different dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging approaches: a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial of certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2020
MB Axelsen, M Boesen, H Bliddal, LTH Jacobsson, MS Hansen, M Østergaard
Data were computed and displayed using the exact Hodges–Lehmann estimate (EHLE) for median differences with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), i.e. changes in DCE-MRI parameters from baseline for each treatment group were computed and displayed using the EHLE (95% CI) for paired samples, and difference in DCE-MRI parameters between treatment groups were computed and displayed using the EHLE (95%) for independent samples.