China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Spatio-Temporal Information Management to Control the COVID-19 Epidemic: Country Perspectives in Europe
Published in Abbas Rajabifard, Greg Foliente, Daniel Paez, COVID-19 Pandemic, Geospatial Information, and Community Resilience, 2021
Marije Louwsma, Hartmut Müller
Spatiotemporal heterogeneous distributions of disease cases demand for analyses with special consideration of the spatiality of the underlying phenomena. The national figures might not be representative for the local and regional situation, due to uneven spreading of the disease. A first step to analyze the geographical distribution of the disease is to visualize diagnosed cases on maps. Meanwhile, distribution maps as a medium of COVID-19 representation can be found all over the world in a mass of official publications, newspapers, on social media platforms, in dashboards etc. A list of resources can be found at the website of the Open Geospatial Consortium [9].
Aetiology and Laboratory Diagnosis
Published in Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis, Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair and Nails, 2020
Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis
Microsporum nanum is a zoophilic fungus frequently causing chronic non-inflammatory lesions in pigs and, rarely, causing tinea in humans; it is also present in the soil of pig-yards. Human infections are usually contracted directly from pigs or fomites. Invaded hairs typically show a sparse ectothrix or endothrix infection but do not fluoresce under Wood’s ultraviolet light. The geographical distribution is worldwide. Key features include distinctive macroconidia and culture characteristics (Figure 1.4(a) and (b)).
Neoplasia
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Epidemiology describes the distribution of diseases in different populations over time: this includes the incidence (number of new cases) and prevalence (number of existing cases) of a disease as well as its geographical distribution. Through studying the geographical distribution of a type of cancer, its racial prevalence, disease patterns in migrants, and the occupations of those who have developed it, much can be understood about both the risk factors and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. To draw meaningful epidemiological conclusions about cancer, precise diagnoses must be made, accurately registered with cancer registration organizations and, ideally, there should be good follow-up information to determine patient outcome, including mortality.
Purtscher-like Retinopathy Associated with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: A Case Report
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Duygu Yalinbas, Erman Bozali, Ayse Vural, Husne Kocak, Haydar Erdogan
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is one of the most severe viral infectious diseases for humans. The disease has a widespread geographical distribution, especially Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The incidence of CCHF has been increased recently, and outbreaks of disease are crucial for world health in terms of epidemic potential, high mortality rate, nosocomial infection possibility and treatment, and prevention difficulties.11 The pathogenesis of CCHF consists of endothelial dysfunction, vascular leakage, and capillary fragility. Endothelial damage causes activation of the coagulation cascade, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding.12 Increased myeloperoxidase expression in leukocytes could lead to lysis of leukocyte. Recently, higher IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α have been reported in CCHF patients.13 Also, the necrosis of liver cells leads to the elevation of liver enzymes.11
Role of environmental factors in multiple sclerosis
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Amin Zarghami, Ying Li, Suzi B. Claflin, Ingrid van der Mei, Bruce V. Taylor
Environmental risk factors for MS have been a topic of interest for many years. Initially, variations in the geographical distribution of disease (e.g. latitudinal gradients of prevalence or incidence) provided evidence that environmental factors played a major role in MS risk [11]. Two other hypotheses were then developed; the hygiene hypothesis [12] and the prevalence of infectious diseases [13]. These hypotheses both postulated a possible role for infectious agents in MS onset. Several other commonly studied factors were proposed by later reviews, including infection, vaccination, occupational exposures, climate, vitamin D, tobacco smoking and diet [14,15]. More recently, MS twin studies have provided compelling evidence for the potential role of environmental risk factors by controlling for genetic variations [16,17]. In addition, two other bodies of evidence have highlighted the role of missing heritable and non-heritable components in overall MS onset risk: 1) rising worldwide prevalence and incidence of MS, particularly in geographical areas that were previously categorized as low incidence areas [18,19]; and 2) generational changes in MS phenotype captured by comparing immigrants and native-born populations [20–22].
Impact of atrial fibrillation on inflammatory bowel disease hospitalizations—a nationwide retrospective study
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Asim Kichloo, Dushyant Singh Dahiya, Hafeez Shaka, Shakeel Jamal, Muhammad Zia Khan, Farah Wani, Asad Mehboob, Khalil Kanjwal
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and can be subdivided into ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease based on the pattern of mucosal involvement and characteristics of the chronic inflammatory process.1,2 IBD is not a leading cause of mortality but severely impacts patients’ quality of life.3–6 The presence of continuous chronic systemic inflammation in IBD patients is linked to numerous pathophysiological processes within the cardiomyocytes leading to electrophysiological and structural remodeling for the atria, promoting the development and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF).7 Although AF is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, there is a paucity of data on the impact of AF on IBD hospitalizations. In this study, we assessed biodemographic distribution, adverse outcomes, and system-based complications of IBD hospitalizations with concurrent AF and compared it with IBD hospitalizations without AF. Furthermore, we detailed the geographical distribution and burden of the disease on the US health care system in terms of health care costs and resource utilization.