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Evaluation of the Voice
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Mean speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) can be measured from a 2-minute sample of speech and can be plotted as a frequency histogram (Figure 62.7) to give a graphical representation of the dynamic frequency range of the voice. In the Speech Studio (Laryngograph Ltd) programme, for example, frequency measurements are displayed on a logarithmic scale which is divided into 120¼ tone ‘bins’ between 27.5 Hz and 440 Hz. These frequency ‘bins’ correspond well to perceived pitch and tend to bias the higher frequencies. In addition, a second frequency histogram (DFx2) can be overlaid on the graph. This counts the ‘pitch-pairs’ (i.e. when two consecutive periods differ by no more than 10%) and represents the minimum number of consecutive vibratory cycles that can potentially be perceived as periodic. Poor voice quality is in general associated with poor correspondence between the DFx1 and DFx2 histograms (Figure 62.7b) and reflected in a reduced coherence percentage value. Various parameters can be measured, such as the mean, mode and median SFF and the 80% and 90% ranges. Rather than absolute values, the range in octaves is perhaps more meaningful. Examples of normative values for vocally healthy individuals are given in Table 62.6.
Maintenance of Wakefulness Test
Published in Clete A. Kushida, Sleep Deprivation, 2004
Normative data using 40-min trials terminated after sleep onset have been published with extrapolations to estimate results if 20- and 30-min trials had been used. Figure 2 is a frequency histogram and Table 1 is a summary of parameters for normative MWT data gathered in the international, multisite cooperative study (14,19). In this study, 64 healthy subjects (27 males and 37 females) were evaluated. Subjects adhered to uniform procedural conditions including a nighttime polysomnographic recording, designed to rule out clinically significant leg movement and respiratory abnormalities, and daytime polysomnographic montage, illuminance level (0.10–0.13 lux at eye level), seating position (propped-up to 45–90° degrees by a reading pillow with arm rests), room temperature (22°C), meal timing (breakfast at least 1 hr before the first MWT trial). Subjects were instructed as follows: “Please sit still and remain awake for as long as possible. Look ahead of you, and do not look directly at the lights.” Subjects were not allowed to use extraordinary measures such as slapping the face or singing.
Specific low-frequency electromagnetic fields induce expression of active KDM6B associated with functional changes in U937 cells
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2020
Giulia Pinton, Angelo Ferraro, Massimo Balma, Laura Moro
For cell cycle/apoptosis analysis, 5 × 105 cells were exposed 4 d to treatment with SynthéXer sequence XR-BC31, once a day. After treatment, cells were harvested in complete RPMI and centrifuged at 500 x g for 10 min. Pellets were washed with PBS, fixed in ice-cold 75% ethanol at 4°C, treated with 100 mg/mL RNAse A for 1 at 37°C, stained with 25 μg/mL propidium iodide, a red-fluorescent dye, and finally analyzed by using a S3 Cell Sorter (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) and Modfit software (Verity Software House, Topsham, ME) using blue (488 nm) laser line, with detection in the FL3 channel (615/625 nm). The fluorescence intensity of the stained cells correlated with the amount of DNA they contain. The cellular DNA content of individual cells was plotted as their frequency histogram to provide information about relative frequency (percentage) of cells in the major phases of the cell cycle (G0/G1 versus S versus G2/M phase).
Quality of primary care physicians’ communication of diabetes self-management during medical encounters with persons with diabetes mellitus in a resource-poor country
Published in South African Family Practice, 2018
OS Ojo, SO Malomo, AO Egunjobi, AOA Jimoh, MO Olowere
The frequency histogram of the data showed that the data were normally distributed. The subscales/domains had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.70), indicating that items under each subscale/domain were measuring a unitary construct (Table 2). The mean scores of respondents in all the domains were first made in order to obtain a model for presenting the results of quality of respondents’ communication of diabetes self-management to persons with DM. The mean scores of respondents in each domain were divided into two categories using the mean score that corresponded to the 50th percentile as the cut-off point for each domain. The quality of respondents’ communication of self-management behaviours to people with diabetes mellitus was categorised as ‘inadequate’ if the respondent's mean score was less than the 50th percentile of the domain's mean score and ‘adequate’ if it was more than or equal to the 50th percentile of the domain's mean score. The cut-off mean scores for the domains, the mean score interval for adequate and inadequate quality of self-management communication for the domains and the percentages of participants under adequate and inadequate quality for each domain of self-management behaviours are given in Table 2. Over half of the participants fell within the ‘inadequate’ category of the self-developed mean scores cut-off points in all the seven domains (see Table 2).
Online awareness of performance on a functional cognitive assessment in individuals with stroke: A case-control study
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Abhishek Jaywant, Catherine Arora, Joan Toglia
Figure 1 displays a frequency histogram of discrepancy scores (estimated accuracy – observed accuracy) by group, where positive values indicate overestimation and negative values indicate underestimation. A clear right-ward shift towards overestimation is observed in the stroke group.