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Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Published in Peter Manu, The Psychopathology of Functional Somatic Syndromes, 2020
The link between irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric disorders was studied in a large community by researchers from the University of Sydney, Australia (Talley et al., 2001). The investigators were able to access the participants in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a complete one-year birth cohort (N = 1,037) of individuals born in 1972-1973 in Dunedin, New Zealand. Ninety-three percent of the participants were of European descent, and 52 percent were males. The cohort was assessed at age 18 and age 21 with a structured psychiatric interview and diagnoses made according to standard U.S. criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1987). Data were coded to indicate no psychiatric morbidity, episodic psychiatric morbidity, and chronic psychiatric disorder. At age 26 the participants completed a bowel symptom questionnaire that allowed the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome.
Understanding and Responding to Complexity in Young People
Published in James Matheson, John Patterson, Laura Neilson, Tackling Causes and Consequences of Health Inequalities, 2020
Besides the human costs, these upstream outcomes come at a heavy economic cost. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study in New Zealand has followed over 1,000 people born in 1972. This study found that just 20% of the sample accounted for 81% of criminal convictions, 66% of welfare benefits, 78% of prescription fills and 40% of excess obese kilograms [21]. Clinical predictors of the high-cost group were growing up in socioeconomically deprived environments, experience of maltreatment and low childhood impulse control. This research project also found that any subsequent upward social mobility did not reduce the health outcomes of children growing up in social deprivation on reaching adulthood [22].
The Role of Epigenetics
Published in Dr. Ather Muneer, Mood Disorders, 2018
While the relationship between early life stressful events and mood disorders may be explained by several biological processes, a growing number of studies point towards a role for inflammation or enhanced responsiveness to inflammatory processes.53 The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study is a large scale prospective study investigating the relationship between childhood trauma and later life depression. Taking advantage of the Dunedin cohort subjects, Danese et al. were the pioneers in showing that raised CRP blood levels were significantly associated with maltreatment during childhood and this connection was specifically robust in individuals who developed later life depression.54 A recently published systematic review is helpful in understanding the association between childhood maltreatment and later life adverse conditions like obesity, diabetes and mental disorders. It demonstrated the presence of a chronic inflammatory state in victims of childhood abuse evidenced as raised circulating levels of CRP, fibrinogen and proinflammatory cytokines.55 Furthermore, it was shown that depressed patients with a history of childhood abuse displayed an exaggerated inflammatory reaction when re-exposed to an acute psychological stress in adulthood, as specified by a heightened IL-6 response. In the same study, depressed subjects had enhanced DNA binding of the key proinflammatory transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in PBMCs.56
Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Risky Sexual Behavior among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review
Published in American Journal of Sexuality Education, 2023
A study reporting a significant association between RSB and higher self-esteem used a birth cohort of 1,020 individuals and followed up from 3 to 21 years old, which enabled the prediction of early sexual intercourse; thus, concluding the causality and size of the cohort had sufficient power to examine the independent effects of self-esteem (Supplement 2 (Paul et al., 2000):). Moreover, both studies presented a significant association with the strength of the secondary big data (Family Adolescent Risk Behavior and Communication Study and Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study) that represented the population (Supplement 2 (Miller et al. 2000; Paul et al., 2000):). However, as sexual behavior is a sensitive subject, there is no detailed explanation or evaluation of the guarantee of confidentiality when collecting data. As data collection in person may affect the results, online data collection is suggested in the future.
Changes in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) related to long-term utilization of dental care among older people
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Anne Nordrehaug Åstrøm, Gunnar Ekback, Sven Ordell, Ferda Gulcan
Population surveys have shown a pattern of better OHRQoL in older compared to younger adults [13,14]. Using the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) and data from the most recent cross-sectional national surveys of adults in UK, Tsakos et al. [15] reported significant improvements in oral impacts across time. In contrast to younger cohorts, more than half of the explained improvement in the older cohorts related to increasing age. Evidence from longitudinal studies suggest that tooth loss, financial hardship and self-perceived need for dental treatment relate to improvement as well as to worsening in self-reported oral health [11,13]. Some previous studies investigating the influence of routine dental care on OHRQoL have reported on improvements among those receiving more dental care and that this improvements varied according to people’s place of residence [8]. Locker and Jakovic [11] conducted a study over a 3-year period in the older Canadian population and found that people whose oral health had improved received more dental services than those whose oral health had deteriorated. Using a global oral health transition statement to measure change, Brennan et al. [9] observed that worsening of self-reported oral health over a 2-year period was associated with extractions and dentures but inversely associated with visiting and preventive care. Improvement in self-reported oral health was associated with preventive care and inversely associated with endodontic treatment. Crocombe et al. [16] reported similar findings based on data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Focusing methodological problems associated with measures of oral health change in a 2-year follow-up study of Australian adults, Slade [10] reported that high risk groups having difficulty to pay for dental care, showed twice the rate of deterioration in self-reported oral health compared with their corresponding low-risk groups but did also show higher rates of improvement. De Andrade et al. [12] reported on bidirectional change in self-perceived oral health among Brazilian older adults with deterioration predominating and with number of missing teeth and number of diseases being the strongest predictors of both improvements and deterioration in self perceived oral health, respectively.