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Psychosocial Factors in Adaptation to Dentures
Published in Eli Ilana, Oral Psychophysiology, 2020
Hirsch et al.16 asked patients who were about to receive dentures to rate four different denture set-ups in order of preference. They were then randomly assigned to receive their first, second, third, or last choice. In spite of the differences in fulfilling the patients’ preferences, the groups did not differ in adaptation to dentures. There was, however, a significant difference in the pre-post changes in the rating of patients receiving their first, second, third, and fourth choice set-ups. The lower the patient’s initial rating of the set-up, the higher his rating of the same set-up after actually receiving the dentures.
Paternalism and contract law
Published in Kalle Grill, Jason Hanna, The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Paternalism, 2018
Most coerced transactions are instances when either consent is obtained improperly or the alternatives available for the coercee are such that consent has a different moral weight than under normal circumstances. Arguably, if the choice set is too constrained, so that there are no morally acceptable options, then the choice is not voluntary (Olsaretti 2004, 2008). While this is a sensible general point, the details, such as the meaning and criteria of moral acceptability, are open for discussion. In consequence, the extent of this set of constitutive limits is controversial, both in theory and in practice.
Overview of Benefit–Risk Evaluation Methods: A Spectrum from Qualitative to Quantitative
Published in Qi Jiang, Weili He, Benefit-Risk Assessment Methods in Medical Product Development, 2017
George Quartey, Chunlei Ke, Christy Chuang-Stein, Weili He, Qi Jiang, Kao-Tai Tsai, Guochen Song, John Scott
In this example, there are seven attributes in total: one benefit attribute, five risk attributes, and one attribute about convenience of administration. Each of the attributes has three levels except for the administration attribute, which has two levels. The total number of possible combinations of attribute levels is 36 × 2 = 1458 and the number of possible choice sets is . The study selected 24 choice sets as two blocks, and each patient is asked to make 12 choices. To rate and rank the different combinations of the attributes, the discrete choice experiments (DCE) method was used. This method asks the patient to choose (instead of ranking) between two (or more) treatments that have different combinations of attributes with different benefit and risk profiles. With a preferable benefit coupled with unpreferable risk, this method reveals the level of risk a patient is willing to take to gain a certain benefit. Table 8.3 illustrates a choice set that the patients were asked in the NSCLC study example.
A discrete-choice experiment to elicit the treatment preferences of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa in the United States
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
D. Willems, C. J. Sayed, H. H. Van der Zee, J. R. Ingram, E.-L. Hinzpeter, C. Beaudart, S. M. A. A. Evers, M. Hiligsmann
Adult patients with HS in the US were invited through patient advocacy and social media groups between August 2022 and December 2022 to complete the online questionnaire hosted in Qualtrics. Participants were only allowed to proceed in the survey if the location ‘United States’ was selected and if informed consent was provided online. After completing the socio-demographics questions, each participant was randomly assigned to one of three DCE blocks (designed in Ngene using an efficient experimental design to avoid ordering effects), each containing the identical 15 choice sets as previously used12. One choice set included a dominance test in which one hypothetical treatment had clearly better outcomes than the other, to assess the reliability of patients’ choices. Patients who failed the dominance test were excluded from the analyses. At the end of the questionnaire, participants were asked to rate the difficulty of completion on a 0–10 scale (0 = easy to 10 = difficult). Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee of the Academic Hospital Maastricht and Maastricht University.
Estimating the preferences and willingness-to-pay for colorectal cancer screening: an opportunity to incorporate the perspective of population at risk into policy development in Thailand
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2021
Pochamana Phisalprapa, Surachat Ngorsuraches, Tanatape Wanishayakorn, Chayanis Kositamongkol, Siripen Supakankunti, Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
It was not feasible to present all possible 432 (22 × 33 x 41) combinations of the selected attributes and levels to study participants. An orthogonal and level balance design was used to randomly draw a fraction of all combinations by using Ngene 1.X softwarei. A total of 36 choice sets were generated and randomly divided into six blocks. Each block comprised of six choice sets that were included in a questionnaire. Therefore, this study had a total of six different questionnaire versions. Each choice set contained three unlabeled alternatives, including two hypothetical CRC screening methods and an opt-out alternative. The opt-out alternative was used to resemble a real-world option since individuals might not choose any CRC screening test at all. The choice set for validity check was the choice set that composed of 3 unlabeled alternatives, one of which was the alternative that obviously worse than another one that contained all attributes with favorable levels (a dominant alternative) including lowest pain, highest risk reduction of CRC-related mortality, lowest complications, highest interval, and lowest out-of-pocket cost, and the other was an opt-out alternative. Those participants who understood the questionnaire would either choose the alternative that was obviously better than the others or the opt-out alternative.
A discrete choice experiment to assess patients’ preferences for HIV treatment in the rural population in Colombia
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2020
Anne J. M. Goossens, Kei Long Cheung, Eric Sijstermans, Rafael Conde, Javier G. R. Gonzalez, Mickael Hiligsmann
Since conducting a full factorial design (i.e. all possible treatment combinations) would not have been feasible, a fractional factorial design was chosen for the present study. This means that the participating HIV patients were presented with a sub-set of treatment profiles. This sub-set was selected by using an efficient experimental design, which uses a-priori information on parameters31. Ngene software (version 1.1.1) was used to design 24 choice sets that were blocked in two versions, 12 for version 1 and 12 for version 214,27. Attribute levels and their associated levels are presented as they are, as detailed in Table 1. Different colour shading was used to distinguish the positive, neutral, and negative levels. An example of a choice set can be found in Figure 1.