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HIV-1: Biology
Published in Niel T. Constantine, Johnny D. Callahan, Douglas M. Watts, Retroviral Testing, 2020
Niel T. Constantine, Johnny D. Callahan, Douglas M. Watts
The genome of HIV contains two types of genes: the structural genes and the regulatory genes. The structural genes are responsible for the direction and synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins that will give the virus its physical characteristics; i.e., shape, size, structural integrity, compartmentalization, etc. The regulatory genes are responsible for the subsequent production of proteins that can affect the activities of viral components, or can specifically turn other genes on and off. Among other activities, the regulatory proteins have the ability to increase or decrease the replication of HIV. It is probable that the activity of these regulatory genes is responsible for the profound pathogenicity of HIV.
Cellular and Viral Oncogenes
Published in Pimentel Enrique, Oncogenes, 2020
The existence of a number of structural cellular genes, termed Tr genes, whose unscheduled activation would lead to neoplasia was discussed later as a general theory of carcinogenesis.4 The Tr genes would be involved in the normal control of growth but would code for products with transforming potential and would be contained in all cells of the multicellular organisms. These genes would normally be active during embryogenesis, being specifically repressed thereafter in particular tissues by the action of regulatory genes. Spontaneous tumors, or tumors induced by chemicals or radiation, would arise as the result of mutation of regulatory genes releasing the suppression of the corresponding Tr genes and leading to transformation. According to the same hypothesis, oncogenic viruses evolved by the extraction of host Tr genes with their conversion to viral transforming genes. Moreover, the reintroduction of Tr genes into susceptible cells would produce their malignant transformation. The Tr genes remained, however, uncharacterized.
Gene Delivery
Published in Danilo D. Lasic, LIPOSOMES in GENE DELIVERY, 2019
This approach consists of adding an independent chromosome by electroporation or microinjection, which becomes maintained throughout the division process. The minichromosome contains DNA elements for the human centromere, mouse telomeres, phage insertion sequences, and the antibiotic-resistance gene. Promoters and regulatory genes are also included and can respond to normal physiological triggers in the host organism.
Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis reveals the hub genes and pathways associated with multiple myeloma
Published in Hematology, 2022
Shengli Zhao, Xiaoyi Mo, Zhenxing Wen, Lijuan Ren, Zhipeng Chen, Wei Lin, Qi Wang, Shaoxiong Min, Bailing Chen
Different from traditional research methods, the popularization and application of high-throughput sequencing and the establishment of a global gene database provide broader and necessary data support for the aetiological diagnosis of MM [9]. Meanwhile, the development of bioinformatics technology provides a reliable way to discover key regulatory genes of disease [10]. On this basis, an increasing number of MM-related genes and pathways have been discovered, and some of them have been proven to play an important role in the onset and progression of disease in subsequent validation [11–13]. However, these studies may have some defects while providing valuable information. On the one hand, the unstandardized heterogeneity of the data used may lead to the concealment of important genetic information, resulting in unreliable results. On the other hand, monotonous computer algorithms and unreasonable threshold settings may include many genes with low association with MM or exclude certain genes with small differential multiples but have an important functional role, which weakens the value of follow-up research based on these studies [14]. For these concerns, bioinformatics analysis for MM needs to be developed to a deeper and more comprehensive level.
An oxidation resistant pediocin PA-1 derivative and penocin A display effective anti-Listeria activity in a model human gut environment
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Taís M. Kuniyoshi, Paula M. O’Connor, Elaine Lawton, Dinesh Thapa, Beatriz Mesa-Pereira, Sara Abulu, Colin Hill, R. Paul Ross, Ricardo P. S. Oliveira, Paul D. Cotter
In this study, pediocin M31L displayed similar anti-Listeria activity to native pediocin PA-1. When the antimicrobial activity of the three pediocins was assessed against Listeria in broth media, a bacteriostatic effect was observed even at higher bacteriocin concentrations. Mechanisms of bacteriocin resistance and bacteriocin tolerance are not fully studied but have been described within all classes of bacteriocin.31 Bacteriocin resistance can be both acquired and innate, and the main resistance mechanism for class IIa bacteriocins is the downregulation of the expression of the mannose phosphotransferase system (Man-PTS), which has been described for E. faecalis and L. monocytogenes.32–34 The regulatory gene rpoN also influences the mpt expression and consequently influences the development of resistance.35
Heterogeneity of T cells and macrophages in chlorine-induced acute lung injury in mice using single-cell RNA sequencing
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Chen-qian Zhao, Jiang-zheng Liu, Meng-meng Liu, Xiao-ting Ren, De-qin Kong, Jie Peng, Meng Cao, Rui Liu, Chun-xu Hai, Xiao-di Zhang
Transcription factors (TFs) and their downstream regulatory genes constitute a complex and intertwined gene regulatory network, which determines and maintains cell characteristics. We performed SCENIC analysis to infer the activity of T-cell regulatory factors (a TF and its target gene together constitute a regulatory factor) (Figure 4(D)). Genes regulated by Ets1, Elf1, and Elk3 were highly upregulated in Cl2 exposure group, while genes regulated by Maf, Creb3l2, and Rara were upregulated in control group. Ets1 is a sequence-specific TF whose timely expression plays an important role in the evolution of the T and natural killer (NK) cell lineages (Cauchy et al. 2016). In in vivo studies, we also found a significant upregulation in Elk3 in the Cl2 exposure group (Figure 4(E)). These results demonstrated that T cells play a key role in the development of Cl2-induced ALI.