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Psychological Medicine
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Harrison Howarth, Jim Bolton, Gary Bell
The syndrome of schizophrenia may represent the end point of a number of different causal pathways. Genetic studies have shown evidence for inherited causative factors. Those with a lower inherited predisposition to schizophrenia may require additional environmental triggers for the onset of the disorder, whereas those with a higher genetic load may develop the illness with minimal additional environmental factors.
Pretty People / Aesthetic Enhancement
Published in Jonathan Anomaly, Creating Future People, 2020
Third, some traits that we consider unattractive are due to deleterious mutations. If we can select or alter embryos to minimize harmful mutations (even those not related to any particular bodily feature), beauty and health are likely to increase as a byproduct – especially for those with a relatively high genetic load.8 Still, once this threshold is reached, it looks like continual efforts to enhance beauty – at least, conventional beauty – will be collectively fruitless.
Is Risk for Alcoholism Predictable?
Published in Edith S. Lisansky Gomberg, Current Issues in Alcohol/Drug Studies, 2019
One last point about the mapping of causal domains as this contributes to the evaluation of risk; the Stockholm study is but one example of an inadequate set of measures with which to chart environmental variation. Given the field’s current ability to begin to assess genetic load by way of family history measurement, the lack of studies which adequately assay both sets of domains ends up restricting our ability to capture interactional variations that might contribute to a more precise anticipation of differences in alcohol abuse outcome.
Excess Weight among Survivors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Survivors Treated at a Center in Northeast Brazil
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Janine Maciel Barbosa, Maria Lucia Diniz Araujo, Mecneide Mendes Lins, Francisco Pedrosa, José Natal Figueiroa, Gisele Almeida de Noronha, Palena Cabral da Silva, Poliana Coelho Cabral
The analysis of associated factors in the present study revealed that baseline excess weight was a risk factor for excess weight at the end of treatment and the last follow-up visit even after correction for possible confounders. Razzouk et al. (29) obtained similar results in a sample of 456 American ALL or lymphoma survivors; those overweight at diagnosis were 9.2 (95% CI: 3.6–23.7) times more likely to be overweight when they reached their final height. Likewise, Love et al. (21) found that 102 Canadian ALL survivors with higher BMI percentiles at diagnosis and end of treatment were at greater risk of being overweight at follow-up. However, Reilly et al. (30) found an inverse trend, reporting that patients with a lower BMI/AZ at diagnosis were at greater risk of excess weight at follow-up. Studies on childhood obesity have reported that obesity in relatives is a consequence of obesity-related genetic load and an obesogenic environment that promotes the expression of obesity-related genes (31).
Pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease: what’s new on the horizon?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Rita Khoury, Amy Gallop, Kelsey Roberts, Noam Grysman, Jiaxi Lu, George T. Grossberg
To date, there are still a lot of ‘unknowns’ in the field of AD. The latest query of the National Institutes of Health’s ClinicalTrials.gov demonstrated that Phase III trials were predominantly targeting Aβ, with only 15% addressing other targets. This is concerning because the disease can’t be limited to one single theory or hypothesis [131]. Even within the amyloid cascade hypothesis, there is an increasingly recognized role of non-fibrillary precursors, such as soluble oligomers in triggering neurodegeneration, compared to Aβ fibrils [132]. Hence, more research focused on decorticating different etiological pathways of the disease is needed. Development of new agents/targets prompts the development of appropriate biomarkers or sensitive scales that would reflect on corresponding improvement in clinical trials [133]. More solid phase II proof of concept studies to determine appropriate dosing, safety, and tolerability are needed before advancing therapies to phase III [131]. The substantial impact of the genetic load on the disease manifestation and treatment response is not sufficiently highlighted in clinical research. APOE4 carriers have been shown to have increased disease severity/progression and a higher likelihood to develop severe adverse events and to secondarily withdraw from clinical trials [134]. This needs to be addressed in future trials by adapting doses and medications in each population.
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with schizophrenia
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Massar Omar, Emilie Sylvest Wieben, Christoffer Polcwiartek, Jesper Fleischer, Jan Brink Valentin, Jørgen Aagaard, Svend Eggert Jensen, René Ernst Nielsen
Patients with schizophrenia have an increased mortality rate relative to the general population, with somatic disease being a main driver [1]. Several hypotheses have been suggested regarding disparity in diagnosis of risk factors, primary prophylactic intervention, secondary prophylactic efforts and treatment [32]. A direct link to psychiatric related factors such as genetic load, lack of treatment compliance and social deprivation cannot be ruled out [33]. Therefore, effective models to assess possible increased cardiovascular risk in patients with schizophrenia should be implemented if clinical data can support an effect on relevant outcomes. Finally, 87% of the patients with schizophrenia smoked cigarettes, with higher prevalence of smoking among patients with schizophrenia and patients with depression being larger than in the general population [34]. There are several hypothesis to the increased rates of smoking among people with schizophrenia [35], however, current intervention have been unable to decrease smoking this population despite several strategies being tested.