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‘New’ Recombinant Ecologies and their Implications – with Insights from Britain
Published in Kezia Barker, Robert A. Francis, Routledge Handbook of Biosecurity and Invasive Species, 2021
In other situations, the arrival and establishment of a newcomer is visually obvious and may involve clear and apparent negative impacts on the established ecological order. Some cases involve the arrival and spread of pests and diseases with clearly catastrophic impacts. The loss of most native elms (Ulmus spp.) to Dutch elm disease and current threats to oak and ash are high-profile examples. However, even here the problems and their impacts can be difficult to assess in terms of ‘native’ species in ‘recombinant’ ecologies or non-natives suffering disease or pest outbreaks. Examples of the latter include horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and its blight, rabbit and myxomatosis and the various diseases and pests of introduced but commercially important conifer trees. The issues in these cases are real and significant but nothing at all to do with native species or natural communities. However, it can be argued that these instances are very much centred within the domain of the dynamics of recombinant ecologies and with both exotic hosts and their pests or diseases.
Carney Complex
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
The 12 major clinical criteria for CNC diagnosis are: (i) spotty skin pigmentation on the lips, conjunctiva and inner or outer canthi, vaginal and penile mucosa; (ii) blue nevus or multiple epithelioid blue nevi; (iii) cutaneous and mucosal myxomas; (iv) cardiac myxoma; (v) breast myxomatosis or fat-suppressed MRI findings; (vi) osteochondromyxoma; (vii) PPNAD or a paradoxical positive response of urinary glucocorticosteroids to dexamethasone administration during Liddle's test; (viii) acromegaly due to GH-producing adenoma or evidence of excess GH production; (ix) LCCSCT or characteristic calcification on testicular ultrasonography; (x) thyroid carcinoma or multiple, hypoechoic nodules on thyroid ultrasonography, in a young patient; (xi) psammomatous melanotic schwannoma; and (xii) breast ductal adenoma [1,2].
Carney Complex
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
The 12 major clinical criteria include (i) spotty skin pigmentation with a typical distribution (the lips, conjunctiva and inner or outer canthi, vaginal and penile mucosa); (ii) blue nevus, epithelioid blue nevus (multiple); (iii) cutaneous and mucosal myxomas; (iv) cardiac myxomas; (v) breast myxomatosis or fat-suppressed MRI findings; (vi) osteochondromyxoma; (vii) PPNAD or a paradoxical positive response of urinary glucocorticosteroids to dexamethasone administration during Liddle's test; (viii) acromegaly due to GH-producing adenoma or evidence of excess GH production; (ix) LCCSCT or characteristic calcification on testicular ultrasonography; (x) thyroid carcinoma or multiple, hypoechoic nodules on thyroid ultrasonography—in a young patient; (xi) psammomatous melanotic schwannoma; and (xii) breast ductal adenoma [1–2].
Exploitation of receptor tyrosine kinases by viral-encoded growth factors
Published in Growth Factors, 2018
Rabbits infected with a MYXV lacking the MGF gene had reduced skin lesion growth and mortality, with the infection more closely resembling that of SFV (Opgenorth et al., 1992). Transgenic over-expression of SFGF in developing mice induced EGF- and TGF-α-like activities, such as faster eye-opening and teeth growth (Ye et al., 1988). Rat TGF-α, and viral VGF and SFGF all successfully replaced MGF in MYXV without loss of infectivity or replication during myxomatosis of rabbits (Opgenorth et al., 1993). Even though MGF is essential for infection, the mechanism by which it aids viral pathogenesis is not known (Spiesschaert et al., 2011). Similar gene knockout experiments have not been performed for SFV. A TANV mutant virus lacking the EGF-like gene showed reduced replication efficiency in human endothelial cells compared with wild-type virus, indicating that its expression may enhance virus replication or local cellular spread (Jeng et al., 2013). In studies using human melanoma cells, purified TANV EGF-like protein stimulated proliferation at comparable levels to human neuregulin (Zhang et al., 2017). Very little is known, however, about the role of the EGF-like proteins in the pathogenesis of capripoxviruses. As they are phylogenetically more similar to MGF and SFGF, they may perform a similar role to the leporipoxvirus EGFR homologs during virus infection.