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Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
According to Ochse, “the young leaves may be safely eaten, steamed or stewed.”183 They are favored for cooking with goat meat, said to counteract the peculiar smell. Though purgative, the nuts are sometimes roasted and dangerously eaten. In India, pounded leaves are applied near horses’ eyes to repel flies. The oil has been used for illumination, soap, candles, adulteration of olive oil, and making Turkey red oil. Nuts can be strung on grass and burned like candlenuts.3 Gaydou et al. discuss the possibilities of the species as an energy source.184 Mexicans grow the shrub as a host for the lac insect. Ashes of the burned root are used as a salt substitute.42 It has been used for homicide, molluscicide, piscicide, and raticide.32 The latex was strongly inhibitory to watermelon mosaic virus.185 Bark used as a fish poison.3 In South Sudan, the seed as well as the fruit is used as a contraceptive.33 Sap stains linen and can be used for marking.6
Caulimoviridae
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The family Caulimoviridae consists currently of 11 genera and 94 species. Some viruses cause economically important diseases of tropical and subtropical crops (Teycheney et al. 2020). The transmission occurs through insect vectors (aphids, mealybugs, leafhoppers, lace bugs) and grafting. The activation of infectious endogenous viral elements occurs in Musa balbisiana, Petunia hybrida, and Nicotiana edwardsonii. However, most endogenous caulimoviruses are not infectious (Teycheney et al. 2020). The cauliflower mosaic virus-Cabb (V00141) (CaMV) from the Cauliflower mosaic virus species of the genus Caulimovirus is a typical representative of the family Caulimoviridae.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles as Potential Viral and Antiviral Agents
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Deepthi Panoth, Sindhu Thalappan Manikkoth, Fabeena Jahan, Kunnambeth Madam Thulasi, Anjali Paravannoor, Baiju Kizhakkekilikoodayil Vijayan
Biological methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles employ unicellular and multicellular biological organisms such as virus, fungus, bacteria, actinomycetes, yeast, algae, plants, etc. and are essentially based on the bottom-up approach (Ingale 2013; Pantidos 2014). Several controlling factors such as temperature, pH, synthesis time, reactant concentration, etc. influence the, size, nucleation, morphology, and stability of the biogenic nanoparticles (Figure 2.4) (Shah et al. 2015). Either intracellular or extracellular routes, which depend on the transportation and trapping of metal ions on the microbial surface followed by enzymatic reduction, were used for metal nanoparticle synthesis (Fang et al. 2019). Generally, for the synthesis of nanoparticles, plant-based viruses such as cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), brome mosaic virus (BMV), etc. are used as biological templates. Their symmetric structure, monodispersity, ease of functionalization, small size, ability to self-assemble, noninfectious nature to humans and animals, etc. are the advantages of using plant viruses for nanoparticle synthesis (Zhang et al. 2018). The existing metabolites, such as terpenoids, alkaloids, sugars, proteins, phenolic acids, etc., in plant extracts, enable the bioreduction of metal ions forming stable metal nanoparticles and thus are considered safe and eco-friendly for metal nanoparticle synthesis (Shah et al. 2015). Biogenic metal nanoparticles can be easily produced in large quantities and are biocompatible, environmentally friendly, and possess well-defined size and morphology. Biological methods are preferred over other methods to avoid environmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, and cytotoxicity (Biazar et al. 2011).
Soybean mosaic disease (SMD): a review
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Fazal Ur Rehman, Maria Kalsoom, Muhammad Adnan, Nageen Naz, Tuffail Ahmad Nasir, Husnain Ali, Talha Shafique, Ghulam Murtaza, Samra Anwar, Muhammad Awais Arshad
Soybean Mosaic Virus is a successful Potyvirus with a wide distribution range but having a restricted natural host range. It is a filamentous particle with 7500 Å length and 120 Å in diameter with single‐stranded, positive‐sense, polyadenylated RNA. Due to its restricted host range, it mostly causes diseases in the species of genus Glycine including Glycine max (cultivated soybean) and Glycine soja (wild soybean). The transmission of soybean mosaic virus is mostly done by mechanical transmission, aphid, or through seed. It can be controlled only by using the pathogen freed seeds, avoiding mechanical injuries, and by using the species having one or more R genes.