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Infection prevention and control
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Many different microorganisms exist but very few have the ability to cause infections in individuals. Microorganisms that have the ability to cause disease are called pathogens. When pathogens are acquired from another person, or from the environment, they are described as exogenous. The transmission of pathogens, between people and across environments, is termed cross-infection. When microorganisms from one site on the host are able to enter another site on the same person causing infection, this is called self-infection or endogenous infection.
Introduction
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Establishing infection risk is also a key element to procedure preparation. Prevention of cross-infection is a major responsibility in order to ensure that those attending with a known infectious disease do not spread their infection to other patients and staff. Ward patients being barrier nursed and those being reverse barrier nursed should be given the last appointment of the day, to allow plenty of time for the examination and for cleaning of the equipment after the procedure. Local infection control policy guidance must be followed.
The Role of the Practice Nurse in Substance Misuse Treatments
Published in Rosie Winyard, Andrew McBride, Substance Misuse in Primary Care, 2018
Harm reduction is the process of providing information and guidance, which enables clients to make informed choices about their health and in this context their drug use practices. Abstaining from drugs may be a long-term plan or aim for clients but in the quest to achieve this clients need to be aware of the risks to their health associated with the administration of street drugs, and practical messages to reduce these risks must be given and reinforced at each contact. Rather than a long list of what not to do, discuss the process of transmission to ascertain understanding and increased knowledge of the risks of cross-infection.17Training is available for nurses and workers with this client group.Provide information of local needle exchange and drug projects.
Experience of School Nurses During Public Health Crises: From 2009 H1N1 Influenza to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Journal of Community Health Nursing, 2023
School nurses recognize that they were working on the frontline against community spread. As public health centers were overwhelmed with the management of entire communities, school nurses strived to take full responsibility for the health of students and staff in schools during the pandemic. They were in charge of epidemiological investigations when school members were infected and worked on early screening. I tried to prevent cross-infection as much as possible by quickly identifying overlapping movements between students in the school, and I made a lot of early detections by requesting tests without giving up my belief, despite complaints from parents. I think the proactive response of the school nurses kept more face-to-face classes going.(Participant B)What I have to do at school is to prevent infection and spread. Because it is necessary to block the spread to the community, when an infectious disease occurs at school, the school nurse must first know what the proactive response is and move first.(Participant D)
A Review on 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia in Ophthalmology
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Masood Bagheri, Zahra Rashe, Ahad Jafari
Mostly ophthalmologic centers are extremely crowded (maybe due to aging population that are at higher risk of infection) and commonly patients have to stay for a long time in the ophthalmic clinics to complete the whole examination that maybe involve multiple investigations such as visual acuity measurement, pupillary dilatation and paraclinic imaging. All these factors increase the likelihood of cross-infection, between patients and patient-health workers. Also patient-physician close contact during ophthalmic examination (slit lamp exam, direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy, and even paraclinic procedures) on one hand and consideration of conjunctivitis as probable initially symptoms on the other hand may put ophthalmologists at higher risk of 2019-nCoV infectious. Respiratory droplets followed by coughing and sneezing can be spread for up to 6 m,37 a range that definitely exceeds the distance between the patient-ophthalmologist. Some reports declared patient-to-health workers transmission of 2019-nCoV even in the presence of isolation efforts in medical feasibility without eye protection.38,39
A systematic review of implications, mechanisms, and stability of in vivo emergent resistance to colistin and tigecycline in Acinetobacter baumannii
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
The fitness cost associated with colistin resistance may result in re-emergence of colistin-susceptible A. baumannii after withdrawal of colistin, as demonstrated in 7 patients.26,29,33,42 The mechanisms of loss of colistin resistance were examined in one study by whole genome sequencing and comparison of sequential A. baumanni isolates from the same patients (susceptible before exposure to colistin, resistant during treatment, and susceptible after withdrawal of colistin).26 In all cases emergent resistance was due to mutations in pmrB. The loss of resistance following withdrawal of colistin resulted from; a) additional compensatory mutations in pmr genes (1 case), b) re-emergence of the ancestral susceptible strain based on an identical pmr genotype (2 cases), c) cross-infection by a different strain (1 case).