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Order Cirlivirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
PCV2 of the species Porcine circovirus 2 appears to be restricted to pigs—including various commercial pig breeds and wild boars—and causes so-called porcine circovirus associated disease or postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). PCV1 from the Porcine circovirus 1 species readily infects but is not known to cause disease in swine. The coat proteins of PCV1 and PCV2 are antigenically distinct (Mahé et al. 2000) and both, presumably PCV2, are antigenically distinct from BFDV (Todd et al. 1991).
VLP Vaccines
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
VLP technology gave birth to two popular human vaccines to date. First, the prophylactic hepatitis B vaccine of the 22-nm particles of hepatitis B virus surface (HBs) antigen produced in yeast and applied since 1986 in human healthcare. Second, the cervical cancer vaccine that is composed from the human papillomavirus VLPs produced in yeast or baculovirus expression systems, which went on the market in 2006 and 2007, respectively.After these two global vaccines, the VLP-based hepatitis E vaccine was approved in 2011. It is necessary to call special attention to the fact that these vaccines are based on the recombinant but not chimeric VLPs. The same is true for the animal vaccines, where non-chimeric circovirus and parvovirus VLPs were accepted as vaccines against infections in pigs and dogs. Other animal vaccines were generated against calicivirus (RHDV), papillomavirus (BPV and CRPV), reovirus (BTV), and birnavirus (AHSV) infections by using the appropriate non-chimeric VLPs. The introduction of the chimeric VLPs as vaccines is forthcoming.
Rotavirus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Lijuan Yuan, Tammy Bui, Ashwin Ramesh
Another concern, though temporary, was the discovery of porcine circovirus I (PCV-1) DNA in Rotarix and PCV-1 and PCV-2 DNA fragments in RotaTeq in 2010. PCV-1 DNA was found in the master seed virus of Rotarix, while contaminated trypsin used in the production of RotaTeq was implicated.192 Since porcine circovirus does not infect humans, use of both vaccines was allowed to continue while production of PCV-free vaccines was initiated. Overall, the benefits of rotavirus vaccination in reduction of morbidity and mortality significantly outweigh all the perceived risks.
Arctigenin: pharmacology, total synthesis, and progress in structure modification
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Dan Wu, Lili Jin, Xing Huang, Hao Deng, Qing-kun Shen, Zhe-shan Quan, Changhao Zhang, Hong-Yan Guo
Hayashi et al.69 demonstrated through in vitro experiments that arctigenin has the ability to interfere with the early replication of influenza A virus and has an inhibitory effect on the release of progeny viruses. The study also showed that arctigenin did not increase the drug resistance of the virus, while the control drug oseltamivir induced drug resistance, reducing the therapeutic efficacy of the anti-viral drug to 50%. This finding revealed the huge potential of this molecule and had a profound impact on the development of new drugs using arctigenin. The antiviral activity of arctigenin on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was found similar to that of ribavirin. Therefore, arctigenin may also protect against PCV2 infection70. Arctigenin also showed antiviral activity in EPC cells against SCVC, a fish rhabdovirus71.
Quantification methods for viruses and virus-like particles applied in biopharmaceutical production processes
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Keven Lothert, Friederike Eilts, Michael W. Wolff
Alternative approaches for antigen detection and quantification are the single radial immunodiffusion assay (SRID) [61] and the hemagglutination assay [62,63], both described already in the 1950s and 1960s, and still being routinely applied for the indirect quantification of viruses. To date, the SRID is used for the regulatory release of human influenza vaccines [64–66]. In both assays, the surface protein hemagglutinin, and thereby the amount of virus particles, can be estimated for viruses carrying that specific antigen, such as the influenza or the measles viruses. Thus, many reports on these two assays focus on influenza vaccine production and processing [67–72]. However, these assays are also used for a series of other viruses. Recently, Cheng et al. described the quantification of the porcine circovirus type 2 by a hemagglutination assay for virus concentrations of down to 104 TCID50 per ml [73].
Gold nanoparticles for preparation of antibodies and vaccines against infectious diseases
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
The capsid (Cap) protein of a pathogenic porcine circovirus was conjugated to 23-nm GNPs [116]. In vitro studies showed that GNPs contributed to Cap protein phagocytosis. Mice immunized twice subcutaneously with GNP/Cap showed high production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. Similar results were obtained with classical swine fever virus antigen [117].