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Translating the Medical Record
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Immunodiagnostic or serodiagnostic tests study antigen-antibody reactions for diagnosis of infectious disease, autoimmune disorders, neoplastic disease, and immune allergies. They also test for blood grouping and typing, tissue and graft transplant matching, and cellular immunology. Serologic testing, also termed microbial immunology, evaluates antigens of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Terms related to these procedures include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rate nephelometry, flow cytometry, complement fixation (CF), and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Serologic tests for syphilis (STS) include fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS), rapid plasma reagin (RPR), Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), and microhemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum antibodies (MHA-TP).
Immunoglobulins
Published in Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla, Textbook of Immunology, 2019
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla
Affinity refers only to the thermodynamics of the reaction of a single defined combining site with a single defined monovalent antigenic determinant. However, all antibody molecules in solution have at least two binding sites. Dimeric IgA has four and pentameric IgM has ten. Furthermore, many antigens are multivalent for many antigenic determinants. Thus, it is common for antigen-antibody reactions to involve multiple sites of interaction between only two macromolecules.
Major Digestive and Endocrine Glands
Published in George W. Casarett, Radiation Histopathology: Volume II, 2019
A difference of opinion on one aspect of this explanation should be noted here. The primary effect of irradiation in this mechanism need not be a direct effect on the serous cells. The primary effect may be on the endothelium of the fine vasculature, with resulting increased capillary permeability and interstitial edema. It is not known whether serous cells are more susceptible than mucous cells to degeneration caused by such changes in the fine vasculature or by interstitial edema. However, the fact that serous acini have secretory capillaries between acinous cells, extending from the acinar lumen to the basement membrane, whereas mucous glands do not, raises the possibility that the serous gland secretion, including amylase, could enter altered capillaries even without prior destruction or damage of serous cells. If this caused the observed inflammatory cell infiltration into the serous gland regions, the degeneration of serous gland epithelium could then have been secondary to the inflammation. If this proved to be the case, the lack of observed mucous cell degeneration could be explained on the basis that the mucous gland secretion did not enter the altered capillaries. The inflammatory cell infiltration described by Kashima et al. is compatible with an autoimmune antigen-antibody reaction.
Advances in phosphoproteomics and its application to COPD
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2022
Xiaoyin Zeng, Yanting Lan, Jing Xiao, Longbo Hu, Long Tan, Mengdi Liang, Xufei Wang, Shaohua Lu, Tao Peng, Fei Long
Based on their chemical groups and physical properties, phosphoproteins are primarily enriched through ‘immunoprecipitation.’ This means that antibodies specifically recognize the phosphorylated amino acid residues and then bind to the target proteins, which are then precipitated (Figure 1a). The enriched phosphorylated proteins are subsequently identified or quantitatively analyzed by mass spectrometry. However, due to the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction, this method’s enrichment effect and selectivity are limited by the selected antibodies. Anti-phosphorylated tyrosine antibodies are the most widely used because they are more specific and have the best enrichment effect [15]. At the same time, phosphorylated serine and threonine antigens are less commonly used due to their relatively small antigenic determinant clusters and poor selectivity due to sizable spatial site resistance [16]. In addition, the high price of antibodies limits their wide application in phosphorylated proteomics studies [15].
Duodenal mast cells and eosinophils in children with celiac disease: occurrence and distribution pattern
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Marie Struffert, Christoph Maier, Matthias Neid, Hannah-Lena Schäfer, Andrea Tannapfel, Anjona Schmidt-Choudhury
The paraffin sections were serially cut at 1–2 µm. For the studýs purpose, they were stained immunohistochemically using specific antibodies against MC-tryptase, a mediator stored in their granules [8] and c-kit (CD-117), the receptor for stem-cell-factor (SCF) on their cell-surface [30]. Each patient’s slide got a barcode and a positive control to ensure quality of colour-reaction. Antibodies were diluted (tryptase: 1:5000, c-kit 1:500). The antigen–antibody-reactions were accomplished with a Leica Bond III device (automatic staining-machine) which facilitated a standardized and qualitatively equal staining-result. Deparaffinization, antigen-unmasking, staining-process as well as visualising the antigen–antibody reaction with a chromogen and counterstaining were entirely accomplished automatically. Furthermore, HE-staining was performed.
An overview of multiplexed analyses of CAR T-cell therapies: insights and potential
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Brittany Paige DePriest, Noah Vieira, Alan Bidgoli, Sophie Paczesny
Immunoassays have widespread use in both hospitals and the laboratory, measuring concentrations of molecules based on antigen-antibody reactions. However, most conventional immunoassays are performed in established laboratories using bulky conventional equipment and well-trained staff, limiting widespread access. POC immunoassays are urgently needed to provide more time and cost-effective testing along with expanded access to healthcare facilities. At this time, CAR-T therapy biomarker POC testing is limited to the recently developed IL-6 specific lateral flow assays, also known as immunochromatographic assays [47]. Huang et al. used europium nanoparticles (Eu-np) as a label with the basis of a conventional sandwich immunoassay. Results were available in 15 minutes. The strips yielded adequate sensitivity at 0.37 pg/mL IL-6 and demonstrated significantly high (p < 0.01) correlation when compared to the traditional Siemens IL-6 ELISA kit [47]. Similar results using lateral flow assay for POC testing (Milenia QuickLine IL-6) were found by Schefold et al. and correlation with standard ELISA testing was also found to be significant (p < 0.001) [48]. Proxim Diagnostics has also created POC IL-6 testing but instead uses a handheld device with an indwelling ELISA cartridge [49].