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Morphologic and Molecular Characterizations of Plastic Tumor Cell Phenotypes
Published in George E. Milo, Bruce C. Casto, Charles F. Shuler, Transformation of Human Epithelial Cells: Molecular and Oncogenetic Mechanisms, 2017
Charles F. Shuler, George E. Milo
Frozen tumor sections (5 μm thick) were placed on poly-L-lysine-coated slides and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. The sections were preincubated in 0.3% H2O2 in methanol for 15 min to inactivate endogenous peroxidase. The sections were prehybridized at 37°C for 3 h. The cDNA probes H-ras, c-myc (American Type Culture Collection), Type I keratin (Dr. Elaine Fuchs, University of Chicago), and pBR 322 (Bethesda Research Labs) were labeled with biotinylated dUTP by nick translation.16 Individual hybridization mixes for each probe were prepared at a probe concentration of 1 μg/ml in a standard hybridization buffer mix. The sections were incubated with the hybridization mix in a humidified chamber at a stringent temperature for 6 h. After hybridization, the slides were washed sequentially in 2 × SSC-50% formamide, 1 × SSC-50% formamide, and 1 × SSC.17–20 For detection of the pattern of probe hybridization, the slides were incubated in Vectastain ABC at 37°C for 10 min, washed, and incubated with the chromagen, diaminobenzidine-HCl, H2O2. The sections were counterstained with eosin and examined by light microscopy.11,20
Papulosquamous Skin Disorders in HIV Infection
Published in Clay J. Cockerell, Antoanella Calame, Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease, 2012
Peter Morrell, Antoanella Calame, Clay J. Cockerell
Although the precise antigenic stimulus for psoriasis remains unknown, a number of directly observable triggers are well recognized. One of the first described is the Koebner phenomenon which refers to physical trauma such as a sunburn inducing psoriatic lesions in previously healthy skin. Hypocalcemia, psychogenic stress, and drugs such as lithium or beta-blockers have all been found to induce psoriasis.5,6 Infections caused by Staphylococcus sp. or Streptococcus sp. especially, may lead to flares of pre-existing disease as well as the appearance of guttate psoriasis.5,9 Indeed, infection by group A, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus is recognized as one of the most repeatable triggers for the development of guttate psoriasis.8 Current understanding hinges on the observation that there is sequence homology between keratin 14, a 50 kDa type I keratin, and the M6 protein of group A, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus.7 Consequently, it is thought that a T cell directed response to this type of pathogen leads to a cross reaction with keratin epitopes in the skin, producing the guttate psoriasis phenotype.7
The value of desmosomal plaque-related markers to distinguish squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung
Published in Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020
Inmaculada Galindo, Mercedes Gómez-Morales, Inés Díaz-Cano, Álvaro Andrades, Mercedes Caba-Molina, María Teresa Miranda-León, Pedro Pablo Medina, Joel Martín-Padron, María Esther Fárez-Vidal
Desmoglein 3 (DSG3) is one of seven desmosomal cadherins. Desmosomal proteins act as tumour suppressors and are downregulated in epithelial–mesenchymal transition and in tumour cell invasion and metastasis. However, some studies have shown the upregulation of several desmosomal components in cancer, including DSG3, and overexpression of these proteins has been related to the prognosis. Therefore, desmosomal proteins can potentially serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers (22). Keratin 15 (KRT15) is a type I keratin protein present in the basal keratinocytes of stratified epithelium. For this reason, it has been reported as a marker of stem cells. However, several studies have demonstrated KRT15 expression in differentiated cells (23). Our group previously reported that gene sequences corresponding to the desmosomal plaque-related proteins PKP1, DSG3, and KRT15 were differentially expressed in primary AC and SCC of the lung (24). Subsequently, we also described the localization of PKP1 in nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane in tumours and proposed the utilization of these proteins as immunohistochemical markers (25).