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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Lingzhi or Reishi is the Chinese or Japanese name, respectively, of the species Ganoderma lucidum which is a medicinal mushroom of the genus Ganoderma, family Ganodermataceae, division Basidiomycetes (78). Worldwide, more than 250 Ganoderma species have been described. However, in therapeutic practices and literature citations, Ganoderma usually refers to the species of G. lucidum with popular name Lingzhi or Reishi (79). It is a large, dark mushroom with a glossy exterior and a woody texture (78–79). This mushroom is too tough to be used in cuisine (79). Lingzhi has been recognized as a medicinal mushroom for over 2,000 years (78–79). The fruiting body and mycelium are used as traditional medicine in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam since antiquity, and now are prepared as dietary supplements in capsule or powder forms. This annual mushroom grows on a wide variety of dead or dying trees, especially oak, maple, elm, and plum trees (78–79). In the past, G. lucidum grew in small quantities only in the wild; therefore, it was very expensive. Artificial cultivation of this valuable mushroom was successfully achieved in 1970s, and since 1980, production of G. lucidum has developed rapidly, particularly in China (78–79).
Medicinal Mushrooms
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Temitope A. Oyedepo, Adetoun E. Morakinyo
The antimicrobial property of several mushrooms has been documented and the most susceptible Gram-positive bacteria to mushroom inhibitory action are Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococos aureus (Alves et al., 2012; Ezeronye, et al., 2005; Ofodile et al., 2008; Oyetayo, 2009; Ramesh and Manohar, 2010; Waithaka et al., 2017). For example, ethanol and methanol extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus, a common edible mushroom, were able to inhibit Bacillus cerreus, Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, and other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria just as it also inhibited fungi (Vamanu et al., 2013). Methanolic extract of Fistulina hepatica successfully inhibited Proteus vulgaris, E. coli (Giri et al., 2012). Similarly, P. ostreatus inhibited S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. vulgaris and E. coli. Acetone extract of Ganoderma lucidum was found to be as effective as gentamycin sulfate against bacteria (Yamac and Bilgili, 2006). Furthermore, the ability of Lentinula edodes extracts to improve oral health has been extensively studied because it has a strong bactericidal effect upon Streptococcus mutans, the bacteria which is strongly indicated for dental caries and tooth decay (Signoretto et al., 2013).
Potential of Herbal Extracts and Bioactive Compounds for Human Healthcare
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ramasamy Harikrishnan, The Role of Phytoconstitutents in Health Care, 2020
Ramasamy Harikrishnan, Chellam Balasundaram
Phenolics and flavonoids possess cytotoxic and anti-tumor properties [714]. Triterpenes of Ganoderma lucidum exhibit significant pharmacological and therapeutic potentials for cancer [862, 1099]. Many subtypes of the triterpene are directly involved apoptosis in cancer cell lines [1099]. Ganodermanontriol is a triterpene extract from G. lucidum that reduces the proliferation of colon cancer cells (HCT116 and HT-29) [414]. Further, triterpenes used as a therapeutic anti-cancer agent, arrest the cell cycle in hepatocellular carcinoma (HuH-7), whereas it did not wield any effect in normal human liver cell line [422]. Alkaloids such as Vinca alkaloids, paclitaxel, or camptothecin are used as chemotherapeutics in cancer therapy [239, 240, 275, 648, 987]. Camptothecin produced from Camptotheca acuminata, an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase, is used in cancer therapy [239, 240, 275, 938, 939, 985, 1000, 1047, 1049]. Alkaloids such as berberine and sanguinarine isolated from Chelidonium extracts inhibit ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters of several cancer cells [713]. Saponins demonstrate the hypocholesterolemic effect and anti-cancer activity [861]. Quercetin shows anti-cancer activity and inhibits cell proliferation of human liver HepG2 and breast MCF-7 breast cancer cells [169, 347, 348, 523]. A vast number of other plant active compounds inhibit cytotoxicity and apoptosis in a variety of human cell lines (Appendix 1.5).
Long-term toxicological studies on the Chinese medicine 2036 Specialty-Qiangxin recipe in rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Andong Zhao, Yi Yang, Xiaohua Pan, Manhon Chung, Sa Cai, Yu Pan
The Chinese medicine 2036 Specialty-Qiangxin recipe (2036S-QXR), consisting of three herb plant components, the Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) extract, Ganoderma lucidum Karst (Ganodermataceae) spore powder, and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract, has been widely used as a health care product to improve cardiac function, prevent stroke, and strengthen the immune system. Our and other previous studies have shown the various therapeutic effects of Ganoderma lucidum spores (Zhang and Zeng 2004; Cheng et al. 2007; Gao et al. 2010; Zhou et al. 2012; Pan et al. 2019), the extract of Rhodiola rosea (Qu et al. 2009; Roumanille et al. 2020; Sun et al. 2020), and grape seed extract (Zhang et al. 2011; Huang et al. 2020; Eid et al. 2021). However, a systematic evaluation of the long-term toxicity of 2036S-QXR still remains unknown. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the long-term toxicity of 2036S-QXR in Wistar rats.
In vitro inhibitory effects of ganoderic acid A on human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Shangchen Xu, Fengqing Zhang, Dali Chen, Keren Su, Li Zhang, Rui Jiang
In addition to the medicinal application of Ganoderma lucidum, it has become a kind of common health care product. Therefore, GAA may interact with some drugs metabolized by CYPs in clinic therapy. However, the effect of GAA on the activity of CYPs has not been well documented, which is closely related to the bioavailability of drugs. This study investigates the effect of GAA on the eight major CYP isoforms in human liver microsomes. Through specific probe substrates: phenacetin (CYP1A2), testosterone (CYP3A4), coumarin (CYP2A6), chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), diclofenac (CYP2C9), S-mephenytoin (CYP2C19) and paclitaxel (CYP2C8), we clarified the effect of GAA on the activity of CYPs, and the inhibition model was determined by the enzyme kinetic studies.
Extraction of triterpenoid compounds from Ganoderma Lucidum spore powder through a dual-mode sonication process
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Shuang-Fei Shen, Li-Fang Zhu, Zijing Wu, Guangkun Wang, Zeeshan Ahmad, Ming-Wei Chang
There is increasing interest in the development and application of natural phytochemicals as potential chemo-preventive agents in the healthcare remit, in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics [1–3]. Some phytochemicals have been evaluated and their potential in clinical use has been successfully portrayed. For example, paclitaxel analogs and vince alkaloids have been used in chemotherapy for decades [4]. Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional medicine that is commonly used to promote health and longevity, especially in Asia [5]. It is used to in a range of applications including tumor treatment [6], antiaging effects [7] and in the prevention of neurological diseases [8]. G. lucidum spore powder (GLSP) is the spores of the G. lucidum. These spores are small oval germ cells that are expelled from the fungi during growth and maturation [9]. They contain all the genetic material of G. lucidum and therefore have all the health benefits [10]. Recent research has confirmed that G. lucidum spores (GLS) have multiple functions including blocking histamine release, inhibiting the over-stimulated immune system, and regulating cell and humoral immunity [11–13]. These results demonstrate that GLS have a variety of physiological functions related to the diversity of its biologically active components [14,15]. GLS contains many biologically active ingredients such as triterpenoids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, amino acids, enzymes and proteins [16,17]. Triterpenoids, a main component of GLSP, have been found to have a wide range of pharmacological activity [18]. There are very few studies concerning extraction of triterpenoids from GLSP and therefore it is important to explore its constituents and bioactivity.