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Data in Machinable Form
Published in Theodore B. Achacoso, William S. Yamamoto, AY's Neuroanatomy of C. elegans for Computation, 2022
Theodore B. Achacoso, William S. Yamamoto
The references for the PREPOSGO data file are: White, J.G.; Southgate, E.; Thomson, J.N.; and Brenner, S. The Structure of the Nervous System of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 314(B 1165):l-340, 1986.White, J.G.; Southgate, E.; Thomson, J.N.; and Brenner, S. The Structure of the Ventral Nerve Cord of Caenorhabditis elegans. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 275(B):28–348, 1976.
Central and Peripheral Regulation of Appetite and Food Intake in Drosophila
Published in Ruth B.S. Harris, Appetite and Food Intake, 2017
Foraging behaviors of fruit flies can be enhanced by food deprivation (Yang et al. 2015). The hyperactivity of fasted flies is rapidly suppressed when food is detected through central and peripheral sensory mechanisms, suggesting that such hunger-induced motor activities, mediated by OA signaling, are geared toward searching and acquiring food. A study of motor programs in fly larvae points to a role of a neuropeptide named hugin, which is homologous to mammalian neuromedin U, as a key molecular switch between food intake and locomotion. Furthermore, a pair of interneurons in the spinal cord-like ventral nerve cord has been identified as essential for the inhibition of feeding when an adult fly is walking (Mann et al. 2013). It has also been shown that an OA system in the ventral nerve cord of fly larvae modulates hunger-induced increases in locomotor speed, thereby facilitating larval foraging (Koon et al. 2011). The motor activities of larvae that drive the external mouth hooks to extract nutrients embedded in solid media are also enhanced by food deprivation through the NPF system mentioned earlier (Wu et al. 2003, 2005a).
Synaptic remodeling, lessons from C. elegans
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
Andrea Cuentas-Condori, David M. Miller, 3rd
As a pioneer in the use of phage genetics to unravel the fundamental mechanisms of gene expression, Sydney Brenner possessed an insightful understanding of how mutant analysis could be exploited to tackle more complex questions in biology. With the overarching goal of understanding how genes build the brain, he chose Caenorhabditis elegans because its simple nervous system could be fully described and because its rapid, 3-day life cycle facilitates genetic analysis (Brenner, 1974). Its small size also mattered, not only for the practical advantage of culturing large numbers of animals for mutant screens but also because Brenner understood that it would be necessary to use electron microscopy (EM) to define the ‘wiring diagram’ (Brenner, 1973). In an early step toward this goal, Brenner et al. published a description of serial section EM reconstruction of the adult ventral nerve cord (White, Southgate, Thomson, & Brenner, 1976). An accompanying analysis of the ventral cord cell lineage by John Sulston suggested that eight motor neuron classes were generated in two developmental periods (Sulston, 1976; Sulston & Horvitz, 1977), initially DA, DB and DD motor neurons in the embryo and then VA, VB, VC, VD and AS classes from a second wave of cell divisions late in the first larval stage. This finding was intriguing because it suggested that the motor circuit of newly hatched larvae with only three motor neuron types (DA, DB and DD) should differ from that of the adult with its full complement of eight motor neuron classes (DA, DB, DD, VA, VB, VC, VD, AS; Figure 1(A)).
Cellular and circuit mechanisms of olfactory associative learning in Drosophila
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
Tamara Boto, Aaron Stahl, Seth M. Tomchik
Several examples of learning-induced plasticity in KCs have been documented. Changes in synaptic output from KCs have been observed with synaptophluorin following conditioning. Aversive conditioning decreases synaptic CS- responses, and this effect is dependent on the activity of the heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gαo (Zhang & Roman, 2013). Synaptic content of the MB and DANs has been associated with increased memory strength in a developmental context (Phan et al., 2019). In vitro experiments using synaptophluorin have observed integration of signals in the MB from the antennal nerves and ascending fibers of the ventral nerve cord, which putatively carry somatosensory US information, and plasticity when these pathways are stimulated in tandem (Ueno, Naganos, Hirano, Horiuchi, & Saitoe, 2013). Dopamine application can replace stimulation of the ventral nerve fibers, and the plasticity is dependent on Rut expression in the MB (Ueno et al., 2017).
A novel sex difference in Drosophila contact chemosensory neurons unveiled using single cell labeling
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2019
Ken-ichi Kimura, Akira Urushizaki, Chiaki Sato, Daisuke Yamamoto
To label chemosensory neurons on the legs and their projection patterns in the ventral nerve cord (VNC), we used a poxn-GAL4 line (a gift from Dr. M. Noll: Boll & Noll, 2002). The forelegs and the VNCs of the y hs-flp; G13 UAS-mCD8-GFP; poxn-GAL4/TM6B flies were dissected. To label the fru-expressing chemosensory neurons, we used a fru-GAL4 line that was generously obtained from Dr. B.J. Dickson (Stockinger, Kvitsiani, Rotkopf, Tirian, & Dickson, 2005). Somatic clones were produced using the MARCM method (Lee & Luo, 1999). Prepupae at 0–2 h after puparium formation of the y hs-flp; G13 UAS-mCD8-GFP/G13 tub-GAL80; fru-GAL4/+ genotype were collected and heat-shocked at 37 °C for 10–30 min, and then they were reared at 25 °C until adult emergence. Adult flies of which one or two chemosensory neuron(s) were labeled with GFP at the tarsal segment T3, T4, or T5 of the foreleg were selected under fluorescent dissection microscope.