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Brachial Plexus Examination
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Janice He, Bassem Elhassan, Rohit Garg
The posterior cord gives off the upper subscapular nerve, the thoracodorsal nerve and the lower subscapular nerve. The upper and lower subscapular nerves innervate the upper and lower portions of the subscapularis respectively, which provides shoulder internal rotation. The lower subscapular nerve also innervates the teres major which is a shoulder adductor. The thoracodorsal nerve innervates the latissimus muscle, which helps to adduct, extend and internally rotate the shoulder (Table 12.1).
The Axilla and Brachium
Published in Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause, Musculoskeletal Anatomy, 2009
Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause
From the posterior cord arise the following branches which should be found and cleaned: the upper subscapular nerve (to subscapularis muscle); the middle subscapular nerve (also called thoracodorsal nerve; innervates the latissimus dorsi); the lower subscapular nerve (to subscapularis and teres major); the axillary nerve (to deltoid and teres minor muscles) and the radial nerve (supplies the triceps and extensor muscles of the forearm). Although the axillary and radial nerves are both quite large they are sometimes difficult to find because of obscuring connective tissue.
Upper Limb
Published in Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott, Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott
Mnemonics for the terminal branches of the cords Medial cord – MMUMM Median nerveMedial pectoral nerveUlnar nerveMedial cutaneous nerve of armMedial cutaneous nerve of forearmPosterior cord – SSTAR Subscapular nerve (upper)Subscapular nerve (lower)Thoracodorsal nerveAxillary nerveRadial nerveLateral cord – DLMM Dorsal scapular nerveLateral pectoral nerveMedian nerveMusculocutaneous nerve
Anatomical feasibility study of the infraspinatus muscle neurotization by lower subscapular nerve
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Aneta Krajcová, Michal Makel, Gautham Ullas, Veronika Němcová, Radek Kaiser
LSN seems to be an ideal donor nerve for neurotization, because the larger pectoralis and latissimus dorsi muscles would compensate for the loss of internal rotation typically provided by the subscapularis and teres major muscles [26]. However, if the entire nerve was used for neurotization, the subscapularis muscle would be still partially innervated by upper subscapular nerve [27]. Samardzic et al. found in their clinical series that sectioning of the LSN does not alter shoulder and arm movement significantly [28]. Moreover, Tubbs et al. showed that the teres major branch can be used as a donor for neurotization of musculocutaneous or axillary nerve without disconnecting the branch to the subscapularis muscle. They found that the mean length of the terminal branch of the LSN was 6 cm (3.3–8.9) [5]. These data are similar to our results (mean length 6.64 cm). We found that the nerve transfer was feasible in more than 94% of the cases without denervation of the subscapularis muscle. In one case (No 12), however, both nerve stumps were so short that direct end-to-end suture would not be possible without using a nerve graft.