China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antiviral Agents and Rational Drug Design
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
The protein packet, called the capsid, protects the nucleic acid. The capsid is composed of protein sub units, called protomers, which are manufactured by the host cell and aggregate spontaneously through self-assembly processes. An additional membranous layer may be present around the capsid, containing carbohydrates and lipids. The complete structure is known as the virion and these can range in size from 10–400 nm, so can only be viewed by electron microscopy.
Using Fillers in the Abdomen and Buttocks
Published in Neil S. Sadick, Illustrated Manual of Injectable Fillers, 2020
Rosemarie Mazzuco, Taciana Dal’Forno Dini
The human abdomen is defined as incorporating the anterior region of the trunk between the thoracic diaphragm superiorly and the pelvic brim inferiorly (1). The anterior wall of the abdomen has nine layers. From outermost to innermost, they are skin, subcutaneous tissue, superficial fascia, external obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominis, transversalis fascia, preperitoneal adipose and areolar tissue, and the peritoneum. The subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall below the umbilicus is also separated into two distinct layers: the superficial fatty layer known as Camper’s fascia, and the deeper membranous layer known as Scarpa’s fascia. This membranous layer is continuous with Colles’ fascia within the perineal region inferiorly (2).
Fascial Anatomy
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
The Terminologia Anatomica9 defines the visceral fasciae as “a generic term for the fascia which lies immediately outside the visceral layer of the serosae together with that which immediately surrounds the viscera”. In a general sense it is a structural component that refers to the connective tissue covering the organs, muscles, and the pelvic side wall. Historically, ligaments have been defined as a condensation of this fascia. On dissection “fascia” appears white and it is often assumed that this is a purely collagenous layer. Biopsies of ligaments, “fascial” layers of the vagina, and the attachments between organs all show the same results: collagen, elastin, smooth muscle, blood vessels and nerves; albeit in different proportions. There are also well-defined fascial connections with different viscera. The rectovesical fascia, for example, is a membranous layer that connects the prostate, the urinary bladder, and the rectum and covers the seminal vessels. It has been demonstrated that fasciae support the interconnections between the viscera, providing not only a proper isolation but, at the same time, guarantee the appropriate motility of the organs. Additionally, the visceral fascia connects various organs with the muscles of the trunk. They are capable of force transmission and, in particular, of regulating possible imbalances that could interfere with the normal motility and mobility of the organs. As a result, sometimes organs from different systems can reflect different dysfunctions at the same time.
Microstructures of the spermatic cord with three-dimensional reconstruction of sections of the cord and application to varicocele
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2020
Yu Yang, Xiaoqiang Wu, Qu Leng, Wei Su, Shuo Wang, Rongwei Xing, Xumin Zhou, Daojun Lv, Bingkun Li, Xiangming Mao
Mirilas et al. provided a different point of view regarding the internal spermatic fascia (Mirilas et al. 2008; Mirilas 2011). They suggested that the sheath around the internal spermatic vessels is a continuation of the membranous layer of the extraperitoneal fascia from above the internal inguinal ring. Similarly, the vas deferens and its vessels are surrounded by a membranous layer. These findings are in agreement with ours, except that, in their study, the two membranous layers are located inside the internal spermatic fascia. They concluded that the two membranous layers attach posteriorly to the internal spermatic fascia by two short pedicles. Our findings are dissimilar to their interpretation of the internal spermatic fascia and also with their finding on the pedicles. In our study, the internal spermatic fascia refers to the sheath wrapping around the internal spermatic vessels, an observation that is held by many studies. However, in their study, the internal spermatic fascia refers to the sheath that surrounds the two membranous layers and their contents. Here, we found that the two membranous layers and their contents are surrounded by the external spermatic fascia and the cremaster rather than by the internal spermatic fascia as interpreted by Mirilas et al.