China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Musculoskeletal system
Published in Helen Butler, Neel Sharma, Tiago Villanueva, Student Success in Anatomy - SBAs and EMQs, 2022
32 The brachial plexus is formed from the C4–T1 roots. It divides into upper, middle and lower trunks, then lateral, posterior and medial cords. Which of the following nerves arise from the lateral cord? Ulnar nerveMusculocutaneous nerveAxillary nerveRadial nerveLong thoracic nerve
Brachial Plexus Examination
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Janice He, Bassem Elhassan, Rohit Garg
All three cords give branches before proceeding as the terminal branches, which are detailed below. The lateral cord gives off the lateral pectoral nerve and the medial cord gives off the medial pectoral nerve, which together innervate the pectoralis major, which forward flexes, adducts and internally rotates at the shoulder. The medial cord also provides medial brachial cutaneous nerve and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve which provide sensory innervation to the medial aspect of arm and forearm respectively.
Spinal Injuries
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
A complex situation can arise in which there is an incomplete cord injury. In general, it is not possible to determine the precise nature of the injury in the acute phase, and inappropriate attempts to do so may distract from more immediate clinical priorities. However, any motor or sensory sparing revealed by meticulous examination in the acute phase may have enormous prognostic value.25 There are three principal patterns of incomplete cord injury which can sometimes be recognized—anterior, central and lateral cord syndromes.
Effects of a contusion load on spinal cord with different curvatures
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Qian-qian Yu, Si-qing Liu, Jian-jie Wang, Meng-lei Xu, Wen-xuan Zhang, Li-ming Cheng, Rui Zhu
In this study, three shapes of the spinal cord were selected to give a comprehensive investigation. The normal curvature was obtained from MRI images of the same volunteer as well and showed lordosis, representing the physiological condition. The other two were straight and kyphotic indicated as pathological conditions. The spinal cord with kyphosis was simulated by a mirroring action. The contusion injury was represented by a compressive load applied by a cylinder with a diameter of 13 mm, which was scaled to 100% of the lateral cord diameter. When loading, the cylinder was positioned perpendicular to the cervical spine cord with a displacement control mode. Four values of the displacements were adopted to simulate different compression degrees. The compression ratio hereinafter was defined as the target displacement divided by the sagittal cord diameter, i.e. 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The contusion loads were applied in two directions, i.e. from the back to the front and from the front to the back (Figure 1). Correspondingly, rigid surface along with the curvature of the corresponding spinal cord was created and fixed at the opposite side of the spinal cord to contusion load as boundary condition. This surface was assumed to be vertebral laminae and posterior vertebral body around spinal cord. Contact was set between the surface and spinal cord and can restricte the movement of the spinal cord. Totally, 24 loading scenarios were calculated by the combination of 3 different spinal curvatures, 2 loading directions and 4 degrees of compression.
Everything pectoralis major: from repair to transfer
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2020
Kamali Thompson, Young Kwon, Evan Flatow, Laith Jazrawi, Eric Strauss, Michael Alaia
The pectoralis major is a triangular muscle that lies anterior to the subscapularis and coracobrachialis and inferior to the deltoid [30]. It contains two heads: the superior clavicular head and the inferior sternocostal head. The clavicular head originates at the anterior border of the medial half of the clavicle, from which the fibers run laterally in a downward direction. It is innervated by the lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7), which exits the lateral cord of the brachial plexus medial to the pectoralis minor, travels with the pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery, and enters the pectoralis major at a mean of 12.5 cm medial to the humeral insertion (95% confidence interval 10–14.9 cm) [4,30,31]. The primary role of the clavicular head is forward flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of the humerus. The clavicular head is also partially responsible for abduction once the arm is abducted to 90° and adduction with the arm below 90°.
Superficial location of the brachial plexus and axillary artery in relation to pectoralis minor: a case report
Published in Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2018
The brachial plexus innervates all the structures of the upper limb, and originates from spinal roots C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1, which are located between the anterior and middle scalene muscles.3 The trunks arise in the posterior triangle of the neck from the union of the roots; C5 and C6 roots join to form the superior trunk, C8 and T1 unite to form the inferior trunk, while C7 continues as the middle trunk. The trunks surround the first part of the axillary artery and pass over rib one, deep to the clavicle, where they each divide into anterior and posterior divisions. All three of the posterior divisions unite posterior to the axillary artery to form the posterior cord, the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunk form the lateral cord on the lateral side of the axillary artery, while only the anterior division of the inferior trunk gives rise to the medial cord on the medial side of the artery. The cords are therefore named according to their position relative to the second part of the axillary artery and are situated deep to the pectoralis major and minor muscles. The terminal branches of the brachial plexus arise from the cords in the region of the third part of the axillary artery, inferior to the distal border of pectoralis minor, and supply skin and muscles of the upper limb.4 The lateral cord gives rise to the musculocutaneous nerve and the lateral root of the median nerve, the medial cord gives rise to the medial root of the median nerve and the ulnar nerve, and the posterior cord divides into the radial and axillary nerves.3