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Head and Neck
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The bones that form the adult human orbit are lined with periosteum, which is specifically named the periorbita in this region. The orbital contributions from the frontal bone include the supraorbital notch and orbital surface superiorly and lacrimal fossa medially. Orbital portions of the sphenoid include the optic canal, lesser wing, greater wing, and superior orbital fissure, all located posteriorly in the orbit. The zygomatic bone makes up the lateral wall, whereas the ethmoid bone, the posterior lacrimal crest, and lacrimal groove of the lacrimal bone (including the fossa for lacrimal sac) make up the medial wall. The maxillary bone including the anterior lacrimal crest, infraorbital groove, and infraorbital foramen make up the floor of the orbit (Plates 3.7 and Plate 3.8; described in detail in Section 3.2). The orbit communicates with the anterior cranial fossa (superiorly), maxillary sinus (inferiorly), and ethmoidal air cells (medially).
Anatomy and Embryology of the Mouth and Dentition
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
The variable middle superior alveolar (dental) nerve arises from the infraorbital nerve as it runs in the infraorbital groove, and passes downwards and forwards in the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. It ends in small branches that unite with the superior dental plexus, supplying small rami to the upper premolar teeth.
Disorders of the Orbit
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Nithin D. Adappa, James N. Palmer
The floor is formed by the orbital surface of the maxilla, the zygomatic and the palatine bone. At approximately the midpoint of the orbit floor runs the infraorbital groove containing the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2) leading to the infraorbital foramen. Medial to the infraorbital nerve, the orbital floor is relatively thin and fractures more easily than the lateral aspect.4
Pain threshold monitoring during chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve in rats
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2019
Lei Xia, Ming-Xing Liu, Jun Zhong, Ning-Ning Dou
Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital (40 mg/kg). The level of anesthesia was monitored by extending one leg and pinching the web of skin between the toes with a fingernail. Two pieces of chromic gut ligature (5-0) of approximately 6 cm long was ready in sterile saline to avoid drying and becoming stiff and brittle. The surgery was performed on the right sides of the experiment animals under direct visual control using a Zeiss surgical microscope (Carl Zeiss, Inc., Jena, Germany). The rats were taped to a sterilized cork board, and the skin above the eye was shaved. Lubricating ophthalmic ointment was applied to the eyes to prevent drying damage. The rat was placed on a heated pad to maintain body temperature. An anterior-posterior skin incision approximately 7 mm long was made 2 mm above the left eye, following the curve of the frontal bone. The fascia and muscle were then gently teased laterally from the bone to retract the contents of the orbit laterally. Once the orbital contents were gently deflected, the right infraorbital nerve could be seen lying on the infraorbital groove of the maxillary bone within the orbit. The superior surface of the ION was then separated. Once visible, at least 5 mm of the ION must be gently freed from the surrounding connective tissue with fine jeweler’s forceps using the spreading technique in order to place the 2 ligatures. Approximately 0.5 cm of the ION was freed of adhering tissue, and two 5.0 polyglycolic acid ligatures were tied loosely around it (Figure 1). The incision above the eye was sutured at two points using 4.0 silk and the rat allowed to recover.
Challenges and developments in both surgical and non-surgical treatments for thyroid eye disease
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2018
Transorbital approach: This is the most popular route to the medial wall and floor, either through a transcutaneous or transconjunctival dissection. For the floor exposure, cutaneous incisions have been associated with higher rates of postoperative ectropions [37] – worse in skin flaps than in sub-orbicularis dissections. A meta-analysis comparing subtarsal, subciliary, and transconjunctival incisions in floor fracture repairs found the highest incidence of hypertrophic scars in subtarsal (3.4%), ectropions in subciliary (14%), and entropions in transconjunctival (0.7%) approaches [38]. Other possible complications of medial wall decompression are maxillary nerve anesthesia and globe dystopia with secondary strabismus. Cheek numbness can be avoided by staying medial to the infraorbital groove, and globe dystopia, by preserving the anterior portion of the maxilloethmoidal strut [39].
Radiological findings of orbital blowout fractures: a review
Published in Orbit, 2021
Ma ReginaPaula Valencia, Hidetaka Miyazaki, Makoto Ito, Kunihiro Nishimura, Hirohiko Kakizaki, Yasuhiro Takahashi
Hypoesthesia in the area supplied by the infraorbital nerve is a common complication of blowout fractures of the orbital floor when the infraorbital groove/canal is involved.10 In some patients with orbital floor fracture lateral to the infraorbital nerve, the infraorbital groove/canal is severely involved and the infraorbital nerve falls and runs into the maxillary sinus (Figure 2a and Figure e).