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Gastrointestinal cancer
Published in Peter Hoskin, Peter Ostler, Clinical Oncology, 2020
This is rare in the developed countries. For example, in the United Kingdom there are fewer than 1000 new cases and 300 deaths registered per annum. It is about half as common as carcinoma of the gallbladder. The peak age incidence is 50–70 years and there is a slight male predominance. The highest incidence is found in Thailand and it is more common in areas where liver flukes are endemic, e.g. South East Asia.
Metorchis
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Mariya Y. Pakharukova, Viatcheslav A. Mordvinov
Signs of an M. bilis infection have been described in cats, dogs, and fur-bearing animals.53 Sick animals lag behind in growth and development. Mucous membranes are icterus, and constipation and diarrhea are observed. Some carnivores develop ascites, so that the abdomen increases in volume. Often, the sick animals die. The corpses of the animals are emaciated, the fur on them is dull and wrinkled, with bald patches. The subcutaneous tissue is icteric and has almost no adipose tissue. In the heart, there is an excess of a yellowish liquid. The liver is yellowish-clayey in places and firm. The walls of the bile ducts are thickened and their mucous membrane has an intense pink color and is abundantly covered with yellowish mucus. In this mucus, there are liver flukes.53
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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Flukes They have been known since ancient times as parasitic in humans and animals. They were described as ‘broad lumbrici’ by Hippocrates. Galen (129–200), and Paul of Aegina (625–690) recommended absinthium or wormwood as treatment. See bilharziasis.
Recent trends in praziquantel nanoformulations for helminthiasis treatment
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Ana C. Mengarda, Bruno Iles, João Paulo F. Longo, Josué de Moraes
Helminth infections are caused by different species of platyhelminths and nematodes. Platyhelminths (also known as flatworms) include flukes (also known as trematodes), such as schistosomes, and tapeworms (also known as cestodes), such as the pork tapeworm that causes cysticercosis. One of the most impactful is schistosomiasis, which is caused by infection with intravascular flatworms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma [2,3]. These helminth infections are often a cause of serious animal mortality and morbidity, resulting in considerably reduced economic output among domestic animals, mainly cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, horses, and camels, with several species involved. For example, it has been estimated that 165 million cattle are infected with schistosomiasis worldwide [4]. In humans, schistosomiasis is clearly linked to poverty and despite affecting more than 240 million individuals, it continues to be neglected [3,5]. Food-borne trematodes, which are mainly caused by liver flukes (Fasciola spp., Opisthorchis spp., and Clonorchis sinensis), intestinal flukes (Heterophyes spp., Echinostoma spp., Metagonimus spp., and Fasciolopsis buski), and lung flukes (Paragonimus spp.) are also important human helminthiasis, affecting over 50 million people worldwide [6].
COVID-19 and seasonal influenza
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2022
Aaron Lawson, Angel López-Candales
Third, even when it might be too early to fully gauge the success of all our efforts up to date regarding all mitigation strategies, we have employed during the COVID-19 pandemic, how these interventions might affect future seasonal influenza and COVID infections remain to be seen. In the case of influenza, we have not been able to specifically predict which pattern will emerge based on past seasonal cases. However, based on the number of cases now reported (2020–2021) for influenza when compared to the previous 2019–2020 cycle, a marked and significant reduction in seasonal influenza cases during this COVID-19 pandemic might not have been a fluke but in fact the result of all our mitigation strategies. An unfortunate side effect of this initial influenza season victory would be problematic absence of circulating influenza virus likely due to a decreased herd immunity that would ultimately result in a more serious influenza season this time around [24]. In terms of COVID, only time would tell.
Triclabendazole for the treatment of human fascioliasis and the threat of treatment failures
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Luis Marcos, Vicente Maco, Angelica Terashima
The most common adverse event of TCBZ is abdominal pain in 93% of patients receiving TCBZ 20 mg/kg in two divided doses. The adverse event of abdominal pain when using the dose of 10 mg/kg single dose is 56%. Abdominal pain after treatment with TCBZ has been observed to rapidly subside after administration of antispasmodics [67]. In our experience, the abdominal pain after TCBZ may not be related to the drug but rather to the expulsion of damaged or dead parasites. The biliary colic presented from days 2 to 6 post-treatment, peak serum TCBZ concentration occurred at 4–10 h post-administration, and elimination of the foreign bodies (dead parasites) occurred 48 h post-administration. Second, other studies have shown that liver enzymes significantly increase on post-treatment day 7 but not day 3 during fascioliasis, indicating that these hepatic markers increase after the onset of biliary colic [70,71]. Most importantly, biliary colic and increased liver enzymes do not occur in individuals treated with TCBZ for other indications such as Paragonimiasis [72]. In addition, ultrasonographic studies of the liver fluke have shown that the parasites stop moving on post-treatment day 3, and the whole parasite or its fragments are eliminated through the biliary tract, with a transitory increase in the diameter of the biliary duct [73,74]. Biliary colic during TCBZ treatment for fascioliasis might represent an early indicator of treatment efficacy (Lumbreras; unpublished data). Treatment and follow up can be performed in the outpatient clinic since no studies have reported significant severe adverse events [67,75].