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Outdoor Emissions
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Like normal hydrogen, tritium can bond with oxygen to form water. When this happens, the resulting water (tritiated water) is radioactive. Tritiated water (not be confused with heavy water) is chemically identical to normal water and the tritium cannot be filtered out of the water.477
Uncertain Risk
Published in Kenneth L. Mossman, Radiation Risks in Perspective, 2006
The lifetime cancer mortality risk of 1.04 × 10−12 per Bq for tritiated water is typical of the magnitude of radionuclide risks discussed in the report. On a per Bq basis, this risk holds little meaning; the reciprocal of the risk is larger than the world’s population. Ingestion of several million Bq of tritiated water would result in a lifetime cancer mortality risk of about 1:100,000 to 1:1,000,000. The most probable outcome from ingesting this minute quantity of tritiated water is a zero risk of cancer death.
Estimation of temporal variation of tritium inventory discharged from the port of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant:analysis of the temporal variation and comparison with released tritium inventories from Japan and world major nuclear facilities
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2023
Masahiko Machida, Ayako Iwata, Susumu Yamada, Shigeyoshi Otosaka, Takuya Kobayashi, Hideyuki Funasaka, Takami Morita
In 1 F accident, another major radioactive material, tritium (T: abbreviation), was also released into the environment [9–20]. Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen (3H), and its main chemical forms are tritiated water (mainly HTO, with a tiny amount of T2O) and tritium gas (mainly HT, with a tiny amount of T2) [21,22]. At the beginning of the accident, some of tritium were released into the atmosphere; however, most of it remained inside the reactors. Afterwards, a part of the remaining tritium migrated into the groundwater penetrating into the reactor buildings and cooling water, and main parts of them have been stored inside the tanks constructed inside 1 F site (after removing other radioactive materials) [23]. On the other hand, a part of tritium is regarded to have reached the sea via drainage channel, ground surface, and underground water flows. This paper focuses on the tritium discharged from 1 F port to the open ocean for about 9 years, from the beginning of the accident, April 2011 to March 2020, based on the temporal inventory variation inside 1 F port [24].
Experimental Results and Experience with the LPCE Process
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2020
O. A. Fedorchenko, I. A. Alekseev, S. D. Bondarenko, T. V. Vasyanina
A tritium concentration in the moderator and coolant of a CANDU reactor is increased due to the neutron irradiation of heavy water. This requires the tritium removal facility to maintain the tritium concentration at an acceptable level. A water detritiation system is needed for fusion reactors. A significant amount of tritiated water is continuously generated during the operation of the pressurized water reactors and any tritium processing systems. Treatment of the tritiated water to remove tritium down to levels that allow discharging the water into the environment is essential. A combined electrolysis and catalytic exchange (CECE) process with a liquid phase catalytic exchange (LPCE) column can be applied to solve all of the above mentioned isotope separation tasks. The process can be used for removing tritium from light or heavy water and concentrating it into reduced volumes, and also for heavy water upgrading.
Radioactivity investigation of water and aerosols in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Muhammad Zubair, Amrou Ismail, Hamad Mohammed, Sayed Azam, Ahmed Ishag
Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen. Since tritium is a low beta emitter, it is not dangerous. But it can be dangerous if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin. Moreover, tritium can form in natural or man-made processes. Tritium naturally forms in the upper atmosphere due to the interactions of nitrogen with cosmic rays of high-energy. Tritium can also form from nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons, and particle accelerators. Consequently, these sources contribute to Tritium levels in air and water. Moreover, tritium can interact with hydroxyl elements forming tritiated water (HTO). HTO has a short biological half-life in the human body of 7 to 14 days. For an average swimming session of 45 min, non-adults and adults will swallow 37 ml and 16 ml, respectively, which means that if tritium is available in the swallowed water it may enter the human body by drinking (Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission 2008).