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Recycling and The State and Federal Governments
Published in John T. Aquino, Waste Age/Recycling Times’, 2020
Statewide supply-side legislation in 1993 included: Thirty-nine states and the District of Columbia have some form of statewide recycling law (see Table 2.2).Seven states and the District of Columbia require local government to mandate source separation of one or more recyclables from solid waste (Maine’s law applies only to office paper and corrugated containers from businesses). Some of these states limit mandatory recycling to larger towns in the state.Twenty states require that local government prepare recycling plans in order to meet waste reduction or recycling goals. None of these laws explicitly require recycling. Nonetheless, some of the most active state recycling programs, such as California’s, are in states that only require recycling plans at the local level.Twelve states require more than plans but less than mandated separation. In these states, local government must ensure that recycling opportunities are available. Curbside collection, drop-off centers, or mechanical processing of mixed waste are potential options.
Ionizing Radiation
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Mixed waste is waste which is both radioactive and also hazardous under EPA’s Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. Examples of mixed waste include radioactive compounds dissolved in organic solvents and radiologically contaminated lead. Storage and disposal of mixed waste must take into account all regulations covering both radioactive waste and RCRA hazardous waste. Because most commercial radioactive disposal sites are not permitted to accept RCRA hazardous waste, disposal options are limited. Many waste generators have programs to limit or prohibit the generation of mixed waste.
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
Mixed waste (MW) is both hazardous and radioactive. Since mixed waste is considered hazardous under RCRA and radioactive under the Atomic Energy Act, both the NRC and the EPA work to address the management of the wastes. It is generated by pharmaceutical and biomedical research laboratories, universities and research laboratories, nuclear reactors, commercial facilities, analytical laboratories, DOE/DOD facilities, new TSDFs, and old disposal sites.
Addressing post-consumer textile waste in developing economies
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Pammi Sinha, D. G. K. Dissanayke, R. P. Abeysooriya, B. H. N. Bulathgama
A systematic approach is required to address PCTW: assessment of volume, an understanding of consumer behaviour, local municipal solid waste management practices and policies alongside technological efforts and supply chain innovations. Our research objectives were to develop an understanding of the first three in Sri Lanka, a developing economy. The most recent publicly available study estimates that the percentage of textiles in total landfill volumes in Sri Lanka is worryingly similar to the USA– up to 5.9% in Sri Lanka (JICA, 2016) and 6% in USA, (Kaza et al., 2018; Shirvanimoghaddam et al., 2019). In Sri Lanka, textile recycling facilities are limited to post-industrial textile waste. With no source separation from household waste, PCTW, categorised as non-hazardous and inorganic, becomes part of mixed waste. Contaminated with other wastes it is rendered unusable and destined for landfill (open dumping) or incineration (Dissanayake et al., 2018), perpetuating lack of public engagement in a circular economy of textiles.
Upsetting the apple cart? Export fruit production, water pollution and social unrest in the Elgin Valley, South Africa
Published in Water International, 2019
Matthijs Wessels, Gert Jan Veldwisch, Katarzyna Kujawa, Brian Delcarme
Based on the quantitative data as well as interviews with municipality officials and farmers and field visits with municipal workers, one of the primary sources of pollution is the discharge of untreated urban wastewater from low-income areas, such as Rooidakke and Pineview (Figure 2). The waste management problems in these areas are the result of personnel shortages, mixed waste streams, blurred district municipality functions and insufficient equipment (Delcarme, 2017). Other sources of pollution relate to the overloading of the sewer system and treatment plant, industrial effluent exceeding the discharge standards, direct industrial runoff into the environment, and wastewater discharge from workers’ houses in farm compounds. The analysis shows that the wastewater treatment plant just downstream of Grabouw has been a source of pollution (Wessels, 2016), but the farmers, the GWUA and the Theewaterskloof Municipality indicate that the plant is functioning better since it was upgraded, although this cannot be verified by the water quality measurements, since there is limited post-upgrade data. Sewage overflows remain a common problem and are a result of solid waste causing blockages and overloading of the sewer system. As a result, raw wastewater sometimes ends up in the river and can account for a relatively high share of the total river discharge, especially during the drier summer months, when water is used for irrigation (Wessels, 2016).
Greenhouse gas emission from small clinics solid waste management scenarios in an urban area of an underdeveloping country: A life cycle perspective
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Bilal Ahmed Khan, Aves Ahmed Khan, Mustafa Ali, Longsheng Cheng
The first scenario represents the rules of Sindh Provisional Environmental Protection Act 2014 (schedule 1), also called Sindh Hospital Waste Management Rules 2014 (Agency 2014). According to Sindh Hospital Waste Management Rules 2014, all clinical general waste should be disposed of at the municipal landfilling site outside the city; the site has an approximately 30 km one-way distance from downtown. The rules further state that the infectious waste should be incinerated (>1300 °C). There are no incineration plants available near large hospitals in the city; the only operational incineration plant is available in Taluka Hospital, Qasimabad, which is at an approximate distance of 20 km from downtown. It was calculated that an approximately 80 km extra combined distance is regularly covered by collection vehicles to collect waste from different areas of the city. The second scenario refers to mixed waste incineration in which hazardous waste and general waste are not separated and incinerated directly. Incineration plant transportation fuel and distance calculations are the same as the first scenario; this scenario does not encompass the segregation of medical waste and general waste. This scenario counts all the waste to be infectious, as proper segregation is not practiced according to the national regulation that such waste must be incinerated or landfilled. However, landfilling could result in hazardous safety risk for some garbage collectors. Other high-tech treatments are very costly and cannot be considered. The third scenario represents an integrated approach that consists of several waste treatment techniques, including direct segregation at the clinic, feasible transportation network, incineration, composting, recycling, and deep burial at a landfilling site; Figure 2 illustrates the third scenario.