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Porous Carbon Materials for Fuel Cell Applications
Published in Ranjusha Rajagopalan, Avinash Balakrishnan, Innovations in Engineered Porous Materials for Energy Generation and Storage Applications, 2018
N. Rajalakshmi, R. Imran Jafri, T. Ramesh
Carbon is being used for many electrochemical applications due to its high electrical conductivity, chemical stability and low cost (Zhang et al. 2016). Carbon can be used in fuel cell systems as part of the structure of the fuel cell and stack viz., bipolar plate, as gas-diffusion layer in a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and as an electrocatalyst or as an electrocatalyst support. They can be used as a reacting species in hydrocarbon fueled systems, as a potential means of storing hydrogen and as a fuel in the direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) systems. Activated carbon has also been used as a support for industrial precious metal catalysts for many years, and has been a natural choice for supporting the electrocatalysts in phosphoric acid (PAFC), and PEMFCs.
Improving the yield of ultra clean coal by adding acetic acid and propionic acid in selective agglomeration
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Zilong Dong, Meng Dou, BingJian Zhao, Qiaowen Yang
Clean coal technology can effectively reduce the emission of harmful gases and particles into the atmosphere by reducing mineral ash in coal (Hongqing 2018). ultraclean coal (UCC) is defined as a very low ash coal with ash content (0.1–1 wt%) (Wijaya, Choo, and Zhang 2011). It has various potential uses such as carbon feedstock for the production of solid injection fuel, fine coal water slurry, high-purity electrode (Qiaowen; et al. 1998), as fuel in direct carbon fuel cell, direct burn in gas turbine combined cycle and chemical looping combustion, aromatic chemicals, carbon nanotubes, active carbon, and electrode carbon anodes can be prepared from UCC (Hacifazlioglu 2016). The preparation of ultraclean coal can be divided into chemical method and physical method, Preparation of ultraclean coal with different acids and bases is proposed. Physical method to prepare ultraclean coal has been proposed due to acid and alkali are usually harmful to equipment and environment (Wijaya, Choo, and Zhang 2011). Selective oil agglomeration is an effective method for preparing ultraclean coal in physical methods (Qiaowen; et al. 1998; Rahman, Pudasainee, and Gupta 2017).
The importance of mineral ingredients in biochar production, properties and applications
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Wang, Zhang, et al. (2017) identified that biochar rich in Ni ions could be transformed into supercapacitor with electric double-layer and pseudo-capacitive properties. Ahn et al. (2013) utilized biochar derived from wood in the direct carbon fuel cell and identified that the efficiency of ash-rich biochar reached up to 70% compared to coal. In addition to intrinsic physicochemical properties including surface area and chemical composition, Elleuch, Boussetta, Yu, Halouani, and Li (2013) indicated that electrochemical performance of almond shell-derived biochar as fuel was strongly influenced by the nature of mineral constituents. Thus, it was clear from this review, that biochar has numerous traditional and evolving uses, in which intrinsic minerals play a crucial role.
Performance evaluation of PEM fuel cell-chemical heat pump-absorption refrigerator hybrid system
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Emin Açıkkalp, Mohammad H. Ahmadi
In the last decade, fuel cell hybrid systems have become very popular, and many studies have been conducted on this issue. At the beginning, irreversible fuel cells, such as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC), Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DAFC), Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), alkaline fuel cells and peroxide fuel cells, were investigated (Zhao, Ou, and Chen 2008; Zhang, Guo, and Chen 2010; Zhang, Lin, and Chen 2011a; Zhang, Lin, et al. 2012; Zhang, Chen et al. 2014). In these papers, operations and performances were analysed in detail for PEMDC, PAFC, SOFC, MCFC. Fuel cell hybrid systems, such as Stirling cycles (Zhang, Su, et al. 2012; Chen, Gao, and Zhang 2013; Açıkkalp in press), can have their performances dramatically improved. Absorption refrigeration cycles (Zhang et al. 2011; Yang and Zhang 2015; Chen et al. 2016; Yang, Zhang, and Hu 2016) were utilised to recover heat from the fuel cells. Heat engines were investigated as bottom cycles to enhanced power output and efficiencies of the system (Zhao and Chen 2009; Zhang and Chen 2010; Zhang, Lin, and Chen 2011b; Zhang, Wang et al. 2014; Açıkkalp 2017a). Brayton cycles (Haseli, Dincer, and Naterer 2008a, 2008b; Sánchez et al. 2009; Zhang and Chen 2010; Sanchez et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2011, Zhang, Guo, et al. 2012; Zhang, Lin, and Chen 2011b; Zhang, Wang et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2015; Mehrpooya et al. 2016; Jokar et al. 2017; Açıkkalp 2017b, 2017c, 2017d) and Braysson cycles (Zhang, Lin, et al. 2012; Açıkkalp 2017c; Ahmadi et al. 2018) are researched for many authors as combined cycles. Thermionic generator (Huang et al. 2016) and thermally regenerative electrochemical cycles have been studied as bottom cycles (Long et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2018) to propose alternative solutions. In addition, a fuel cell has been studied in terms of different aspects like structural design (Huijun et al. 2015).