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Cashflows
Published in S Kant Vajpayee, MD Sarder, Fundamentals of Economics for Applied EngineeringSecond Edition, 2019
For case (a), the cashflow diagram5 is in Fig. 2.6(a), while for (b) it is in Fig. 2.6(b). Note a few “cosmetic” enhancements in these diagrams. For example, the time periods have been labeled above the timeline to add clarity. Their usual labeling—below the timeline and slightly off to the right of the time markers—would have been congested. Note also that we did not label each time period, skipping the odd ones 1, 3, ...; when space is limited, this is acceptable. In fact, some analysts do not label the time periods at all, especially if there are fewer periods that can easily be comprehended. Further, the cashflow amounts have been normalized to thousands, reducing the number of digits required to label them. However, a qualifying note to this effect must be made at a prime location in the diagram, as in Fig. 2.6 at the top (Amount in Thousands of Dollars). Some people use the notation k (always lower case), which stands for a thousand. In that case, the cashflow data in Fig. 2.6 might have been labeled as 35.75k, 1.2k, 1.4k, ..., without the qualifying note Amount in Thousands of Dollars.
Analysis of cost estimation using the web metrics and cost driver in the high performance of web developers
Published in Automatika, 2023
A. Salinda Eveline Suniram, J. Charles
The accountability was distinguished from the dataset by its heartening 63 activities. Each recompense was separated into 16 variables. COCOMO distinguishes the cost drivers in three aspects, such as Effort Multiplier (EM) and Line of Code (LOC). All the incompetent drivers will be self-controlled with corporeal force to generate the entire determination in PM and Time Development (TDEV) [4]. In 2000, Barry Boehm introduced the COCOMO II model for additional straightforwardness with the selected forthrightness of answerability in frequent cost teamsters. The growth faultless gets more unidentified by investigators as its announcements of the self-assured expansion and standpoint of the network produce. In the old-fashioned interruption development section of the COCOMO II model, there are contradictions in netting credit abilities. The individual adapts with 17 EM self-assessed into four groups, vitality calculating as a suggestion of deception and growth quantity that item in LOC, or Kilo Thousand Lines of Code (KLOC)
Life-cycle cost analysis of rehabilitation strategies for asphalt pavements based on probabilistic models
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Miaomiao Zhang, Hongren Gong, Rui Xiao, Xi Jiang, Yuetan Ma, Baoshan Huang
The scenario of ‘one thin overlay and all thick overlay (thin overlay rehabilitation was performed at first, followed by continuous thick overlay once the pavement failed)’ was not included in this study, because the survival probability and rehabilitation costs were both greater for thick overlays. If composite rehabilitation scenarios were needed, state agencies would prefer to start with a thick overlay to take advantage of its longer survival time, so the scenarios of ‘thick overlay first followed by thin overlays’ would be more realistic. These three scenarios were compared to determine the most cost-effective strategies among them with respect to analysis periods, precipitation levels, traffic volumes, terminal IRI values, and discount rates for the following factor levels: Analysis period: 2–20 years.Precipitation level: dry and wet.Traffic: 100, 300, 500, 700, 900 thousand equivalent single axle loads (kilo ESALs) per year.Terminal IRI value: 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2 m/km.Discount rate: 0, 0.03, 0.05.
Investigations of chloride ions permeability of pavement concrete under coupled effect of fatigue loading and hydrodynamic pressure
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022
Yue Li, Aiqin Shen, Zhenghua Lyu, Yinchuan Guo
Figure 10 describes the relationship between increase rate of DRCM and loading time under various exposure conditions. The main differences between the DRCM variation under single and double fields are due to two loading stages: (i) 0–60 thousand loading times and (ii) 120–150 thousand loading times. It can be summarised that under a single field, the increase rate of the DRCM value experiences three stages, including the descending, rapidly increasing and slowly dropping stage. For concrete under S0.5+P0.25, the effect of the hydrodynamic pressure on DRCM is weak but undeniable; it mainly is presented after 90 thousand loading cycles, which prolongs the increasing trend of DRCM. For concrete under the other three coupling conditions, three stages could be summarised as gently the increasing, steadily increasing and sharply increasing stages.