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Calibration, Verification, Quantification, Statistical Treatment of Analytical Data, Detection Limits, and Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Published in Paul R. Loconto, Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis, 2020
Unfortunately, we do not know the true standard deviation of our set; we have only an estimate s based on L observations. Thus, the distribution curve for x is an estimate of the true distribution curve. A research chemist, W.S. Gosset, worked out the relationship between these estimates of the distribution curve and the true one so that we can use s in place of σ. Gosset was employed by a well-known Irish brewery which did not want its competition to know it was using statistical methods. However, he was permitted to publish his work under the pen name “Student,” and the test for differences in averages based on his work is known as Student’s t-test. Student’s t-test assumes that the average is based on data from a normal population.
Principles of Mathematics and Engineering Sciences
Published in Arthur T. Johnson, Biology for Engineers, 2019
The Student’s t test is a widely used test of experimental means. For equal numbers of unpaired observations of two treatments, one of which may be no treatment at all, the sample means (x¯1 and x¯2) for the two samples (x1i and x2i) are calculated, where i stands for each individual measurement: () x¯j=sumofobservationsnumberofobservations=∑x¯jinj.
An analysis of the influence of affordable housing system on price
Published in Dawei Zheng, Industrial, Mechanical and Manufacturing Science, 2015
As part of experiments independent experiments were carried out not less than 5 times in triplicate. Statistical analysis of the data obtained using the software package MS Excel. The significance of differences was determined using Student’s t test. The tables are represented by average values for the sample and their standard deviations.
Evaluation of acceptance risks and rewards for highway materials using statistical power analysis
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2023
Yunpeng Zhao, Dimitrios Goulias
The P-value for the F-test is determined using the built-in F cumulative distribution function, fcdf, in MATLAB. When the P-value is larger than or equal to the significant level, α (i.e. 0.05), the null hypothesis is accepted, meaning there is no reason to believe that the variances of the two test results are statistically different. In this case, the Student’s t-test is used to compare the means of the two test results. Student’s t statistic is calculated as follows: where: and is the mean and standard deviation of the agency data, and is the mean and standard deviation of the contractor data, and and are the agency and contractor sample sizes, respectively.
Cryogenic 3D printing of modified polylactic acid scaffolds with biomimetic nanofibrous architecture for bone tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Dian Xu, Shunyu Chen, Chunling Xie, Qingshuang Liang, Xiufeng Xiao
All the experiments in this study were repeated in triplicate and the results were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Graphpad 6.0 statistical software (Graphpad, San Diego, CA, USA) was utilized for statistical analyses. The p values between two groups were calculated using Student’s t-test and the statistical significance was considered with P-value at a level of 0.05 (* indicates p < 0.05, ** represents p < 0.01, and *** indicates p < 0.001).
Effective detection of COVID-19 outbreak in chest X-Rays using fusionnet model
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2022
Ganesh Keshaorao Yenurkar, Sandip Mal
Student’s t-test is a statistical test used to analyze hypotheses about the mean of a small group drawn from a normally distributed group where the standard deviation is unknown. It is commonly used to formulate a null hypothesis that denotes no active variations between the observed and hypothesized mean. Table 11 indicates the value of p achieved for proposed and existing approaches.