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Geothermal Energy
Published in Sergio C. Capareda, Introduction to Renewable Energy Conversions, 2019
The single flash system is shown in Figure 6.12d. The unique addition to the single flash system is the device called the flash vessel. As shown in the figure, this device re-evaporates some steam with enough energy to be reintroduced into the turbine blades, though at some point behind the entry section, as the quality of this steam is inferior to that of the steam introduced in the front-most section. Another unique feature is the steam separator, where superheated steam is separated from the liquid portion. The liquid portion is directed to the flash vessel. Flash (or sometimes called partial) evaporation occurs when a liquid compound undergoes reduced pressure. This usually occurs in a valve contraction, such as a throttling valve. This process is one of the simplest unit operation processes in the chemical engineering discipline. The flash vessel is also called a flash drum. A complication can occur when the liquid is not purified and contains numerous other compounds because compounds evaporate at different rates. Many industries deal with such vapor-liquid separation. This technique of water-vapor separation is not unique to geothermal systems. In oil extraction from the ground, the liquid portion is always desired but gaseous products, such as methane, must be separated or used properly elsewhere.
Over 100 Ways to Improve Efficiency
Published in Harry Taplin, Boiler Plant and Distribution System Optimization Manual, 2021
One way to keep boiler water and carryover out of the steam piping is to install a steam separator (Figure 10.43) near the boiler outlets. They have proven to be 99.9% efficient at eliminating priming and carryover, so they have a vital function to perform keeping heat exchange equipment clean and functioning.
Experimental Study of Mixed Convection from Horizontal Isothermal Elliptic Cylinders at Different Aspect Ratios
Published in Experimental Heat Transfer, 2020
Mohamed A. Alnakeeb, Wael M. El-Maghlany, Mohamed A. Teamah, Medhat M. Sorour
Figures 1 and 2 show a schematic view and a photo of the test rig. The apparatus consists of a steam generator, steam separator, superheater, elliptic test cylinder, air duct, and instruments. The steam generator is provided by an electric heater element 10 A, 220 V and 2 KW maximum capacity. The steam passes through the regulator valve and is conveyed to a steam separator by a copper tube of 8 mm inside diameter. The steam separator is used to separate the water droplets from the produced steam. The outer surface of the tube that conveys the saturated steam after the steam separator is surrounded by two electric coils, which are used to dry the steam before entering the test cylinder. The formed test elliptic cylinders as shown in Figure 3 have an axis ratio of 0.496, 0.709, and 1, respectively, which was formed from a circular cylinder having 54 mm outer diameter and 1.8 mm thickness, such that all test sections have equal perimeter and outer surface area. The test tubes are made of copper. The total length of the cylinder is 1400 mm in which 950 mm as the test section, and the rest on both ends is insulated for fixation with the air duct walls. The air duct containing the elliptic cylinder is a rectangular cross-sectional channel having 950 × 450 mm with 2010 mm length. The duct walls are constructed from aluminum sheets of 2 mm thickness and insulated from the outer surfaces. The test cylinder horizontally crosses the duct from the middle of the 450 mm side. There are 29 copper-constantan (T-type) thermocouples (TC.) of 0.5 mm diameter at different locations as shown in Table1 to measure the temperature of all the points of the experiments. The first 12 thermocouples are distributed on equal circumferential intervals at specified section on the outer surface of the test cylinder. These 12 thermocouples are imbedded into grooves and notches along the test cylinder wall allowing the average wall temperature to be determined. Each groove has a length of 10 mm, width of 5 mm and depth of 0.8 mm from the outer surface of the test cylinder. The remaining length of the thermocouple enters a hole with a diameter of 1 mm beside the groove, and it is withdrawn inside the cylinder on the wall and exits from another hole with a diameter of 3 mm at the cylinder ends as shown in Figure 4. The junctions and wires of the thermocouples are fixed smoothly in their positions by plastic steel epoxy without any hindrance to the flow of air over the cylinder, and the free wire terminals are connected to the readout instruments. The readings of the thermocouples are taken by means of a calibrated digital temperature reader (data logger) with a resolution of 0.1°C. The surface temperature of the test cylinder is kept constant due to the two-phase flow of steam inside the test cylinder. The surface emissivity’s of the tests cylinder and air duct wall are determined using Infra-Red thermometer and found to be 0.26 and 0.14, respectively, while the black epoxy points were 1.