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Interference Lithography
Published in Myeongkyu Lee, Optics for Materials Scientists, 2019
Three-beam interference can be employed to fabricate other 2D patterns such as square and rectangular patterns. In order to produce a 2D square lattice, two basis vectors should have an equal magnitude and be perpendicular to one another. This requirement can be fulfilled with the configuration shown in Figure 9.10a. In the configuration where ϕ1 = π/4, ϕ2 = 3π/4, and ϕ3 = −3π/4, the differences between the wave vectors are k12=−2πλ(2sinθ,0,0),k23=−2πλ(0,2sinθ,0),k31=−2πλ(−2sinθ,−2sinθ,0),
Other absorbers and diffusers
Published in Trevor J. Cox, Peter D'Antonio, Acoustic Absorbers and Diffusers, 2016
Trevor J. Cox, Peter D'Antonio
So a periodic crystal, whether 1D, 2D, or 3D, has the potential to have band gaps— frequencies that are not transmitted. All the different periodicities need to be considered. For a square lattice structure as shown in Figure 8.13, the smallest repeat distance, a, is along the side of the lattice. However, there is also periodicity diagonally across the crystal with a repeat distance of √2a. Consequently, the band gaps occur at different frequencies proportional to 1/a and 1/√2a. If these band gaps overlap, then any wave is reflected completely from this periodic structure in the overlapping frequency range.
Electron Motion in Lateral Superlattices on Semiconductors
Published in Günter Mahler, Volkhard May, Michael Schreiber, Molecular Electronics, 2020
K. Ensslin, W. Hansen, J. P. Kotthaus
A square lattice is fundamentally isotropic in its resistance properties. The diagonal components of the resistivity tensor are identical. If the periods in the two lateral dimensions are different, this isotropy can be broken. Furthermore, a whole class of system configurations can be realized by various parameter sets of the rectangular lattice. For example, if the antidots are closely spaced in one direction so that their potential tails almost overlap, while the period in the perpendicular direction is much larger, then the transition to a wirelike system can be investigated (29).
Effects of traffic lights for Manhattan-like urban traffic network inintelligent transportation systems
Published in Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics, 2018
Bokui Chen, David Z. W. Wang, Yachun Gao, Kai Zhang, Lixin Miao, Binghong Wang
Manhattan urban traffic network is similar to a square regular network. Li et al. (2011) presented an exemplified model in which the network consists of square lattice. Between any two neighbouring intersections, there are opposed-roads and each road is divided into L cells (see Figure 1). The cars move along the right lane and are updated by Nagel–Schreckenberg (NS) model which is the most popular CA models (Nagel and Schreckenberg 1992). The detailed rules of the NS model can be found in Nagel and Schreckenberg 1992.