China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
X Architecture Place and Route: Physical Design for the X Interconnect Architecture
Published in Charles J. Alpert, Dinesh P. Mehta, Sachin S. Sapatnekar, Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation, 2008
Steve Teig, Asmus Hetzel, Joseph Ganley, Jon Frankle, Aki Fujimura
Path search addresses the problem of finding a minimum cost path between two points or two areas of the design such that the path geometries create a DRC-clean metal structure connecting them. Assume a found path consists of segments S1, S2, …, Sn where each Si is either a via or a straight line. A(Si) denotes the angle of planar segments or the direction of the via (whether going downward or upward). L(Si) denotes the length of Si if Si is not a via. Without loss of generality, assume that all planar segments are maximally extended: that is, Si−1 and Si+1 are either vias or straight lines with an angle not equal to A(Si). The search process can be made both pattern-and length-aware as follows:
The Ice Environment
Published in Rita A. Horner, Sea Ice Biota, 1985
The salt content of sea ice is usually described in terms of a bulk salinity (Si) defined as: () Si=massofsaltmassofice+massofbrine⋅103
Challenges and opportunities of incorporating flexibility and adaptability to infrastructure systems
Published in Airong Chen, Xin Ruan, Dan M. Frangopol, Life-Cycle Civil Engineering: Innovation, Theory and Practice, 2021
Three final remarks are important. First, the use of the norm of the vector fi,t to represent a system parameter's flexibility should be study with care, specially when the vector's direction deviates considerably from 45°. There may be cases where two alternatives have the same flexibility in terms of the norm but the vector components are completely different, which could result in different system behaviors for the same flexibility. Second, due to the influence of si(t), flexibility is a function of time. As the available range is consumed, the number of available options decrease, and flexibility diminishes. Note that, if required, additional resources can be invested to reintroduce flexibility into the system. Finally, in the derivation of Equation 4, and in Figure 2, the range si(t) was assumed to be continuous, which implies the existence of an infinite number of options for future changes. In most practical cases, in particular in infrastructure, this is not the case since the space of change is limited to a countable set of technically feasible possibilities.
Stochastic dynamic transient gusty wind effect on the sliding and overturning of quayside container cranes
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2021
Ning Su, Shitao Peng, Ningning Hong
The corrected aerodynamic wind force/moment component time histories, denoted as Fx(t), Fy(t), Mx(t) and My(t), were reduced as wind force/moment coefficients CFx(t), CFy(t), CMx(t) and CMy(t) as: where ti = i/fs (i = 0, 1, 2, …, N-1) is time series with sample length N. and ρ is the air density; A and H are the reference area and apex beam height, respectively. The mean and root of mean square (RMS) values of the wind force/moment coefficients and were calculated by: where λ = Fx, Fy, Mx or My is for arbitrary wind force/moment components, respectively.
Minimum information rate for observability of linear systems with stochastic time delay
Published in International Journal of Control, 2019
We divide the interval [ − l(k, s, i) + o(k, s, i), li(k, s, i) + o(k, s, i)] into equal subintervals of length , such that falls into one of the N(s, i) equal subintervals. Then, the ns-dimensional sphere that falls into will be divided into N(s) subspheres with equal volume, where The N(s) indices corresponding to the N(s) subspheres are encoded, and converted into codewords of R(s) bits. Then, the channel can transmit without error R(s) bits of information per sampling interval such that the decoder may know which subsphere falls into at time k. It follows from Cover and Thomas (2006) that
Multi-stage supply chain network solution methods: hybrid metaheuristics and performance measurement
Published in International Journal of Systems Science: Operations & Logistics, 2018
Madjid Tavana, Francisco J. Santos-Arteaga, Ali Mahmoodirad, Sadegh Niroomand, Masoud Sanei
In the MSCN design problem with solid transportation, a solution consists of three segments. Each segment is used to obtain a product flow for a given stage, i.e. the rth segment of a solution matches the rth stage of the MSCN. Therefore, the length of the solution is equal to the total length of the first segment, (S + I + M), plus the length of the second, (I + J + N), and the third, (J + K + L). That is, the total length of the solution is equal to S + 2 × (I + J) + K + M + N + L. The overall decoding procedure applied to the priority-based encoding of the three-stage SCN design problem with solid transportation and step-fixed costs is presented in Figure 2. Figures 3–5 provide the decoding procedures for the third, second and first stages, respectively. Note that the SFCSTP is recalled in each one of these stages, accounting for the effect of the step-fixed costs on the design process.Table 1Table 2Figure 2