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Wave Packet and de Broglie's Wave-particle Duality
Published in Caio Lima Firme, Quantum Mechanics, 2022
The rest mass (invariant mass or intrinsic mass), m0, is the total mass of a body that is independent of the overall motion of the system and it is a characteristic of the system’s total energy and momentum that is the same in the rest frame (S). The rest mass is the Newtonian mass as measured by an observer moving along with the object. For the other reference frames where the system’s momentum is nonzero, the total mass (i.e., the relativistic mass, mrel) is greater than the rest mass: mrel=m01−(vc)2
Particles and Radiation
Published in Rob Appleby, Graeme Burt, James Clarke, Hywel Owen, The Science and Technology of Particle Accelerators, 2020
Rob Appleby, Graeme Burt, James Clarke, Hywel Owen
Another way to explain it is to take the emitted cyclotron frequency in the charge's rest frame, and apply a relativistic Doppler shift into the observer's frame of reference. Hence the observed frequency of the synchrotron radiation is fsfc=1+β1−β≃21−β2=2γ2,
Introduction to microwave sources
Published in R A Cairns, A D R Phelps, P Osborne, Generation and Application of High Power Microwaves, 2020
A parameter that occurs throughout discussions of microwave sources whenever relativistie effects are important is γ where γ=(1−β2)−1/2=(1−υ2c2)−1/2 where β = v/c and v is the speed of the electron and c is the speed of light. An electron has a total energy γmc2 and sees a length which is ℓ in the laboratory rest frame as shortened to ℓ/γ in its own frame of reference. This effect is present in all relativistie microwave devices but is particularly relevant to the operation of the FEL.
The effects of habituation and adding a rest-frame on experienced simulator sickness in an advanced mobility scooter driving simulator
Published in Ergonomics, 2019
Joost Heutink, Minou Broekman, Karel A. Brookhuis, Bart J. M. Melis-Dankers, Christina Cordes
Yet another explanation was proposed by Prothero et al. (1999), which is known as the rest-frame hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, simulator sickness is not induced by conflicting motion cues but rather by the different ‘rest-frames’ in which these visual cues are presented. Derived from physics, a coordinate system that is used to define positions, angular orientations and motions is called a ‘reference frame’. When a reference frame is perceived to be stationary by the driver, the reference frame is called a rest-frame (Prothero et al. 1997). The virtual display that is presented in a virtual environment (VE) can be divided into two components. One component represents the content of the VE (i.e. the screen on which the simulation is projected) and the other component is matched to the observer’s so-called physical inertial environment (i.e. the room in which the simulator is stationed), also known as the independent visual background (IVB).