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Published in Splinter Robert, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, 2017
[general, high-energy, nuclear] Strong nuclear force between quarks is represented by the exchange of a boson messenger designated as a gluon to form hadrons. The force represented by the gluon is called color force. In quantum mechanical theory, the gluon is a massless particle also called a vector boson with “four-dimensional” Schrödinger wave functions with spin 1 and is magnetically neutral. Emission of a gluon can change the “color” of a quark, however it cannot change the “flavor” of the quark. There are eight different gluons associated with the eight different potential quark couplings. The gluon color phenomenon is described by quantum chromodynamics.
Numerical Methods for Large-Scale Electronic State Calculation on Supercomputer
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2019
Takeo Hoshi, Yusaku Yamamoto, Tomohiro Sogabe, Kohei Shimamura, Fuyuki Shimojo, Aiichiro Nakano, Rajiv Kalia, Priya Vashishta
In nanomaterials science and particle physics (lattice quantum chromodynamics [12]), the solution of shifted linear systems (A+σkI)x(k)=b(k=1,2,…,m)
Nuclear and Particle Physics
Published in Walter Fox Smith, Experimental Physics, 2020
The so-called nuclear force is now understood to be a manifestation of the strong force that governs interactions between quarks. Quarks can have any one of three charges, and antiquarks can have any one of three anti-charges. Because of the way composite particles arise out of combinations of these quarks, we label the three charges “red,” “green,” and “blue,” and refer to the strong force as the color force. The associated quantum field theory is called quantum chromodynamics (or “QCD”).
Helicity continuity equation for electromagnetic fields with sources
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2019
The helicity of light is important in the coupling between electromagnetic fields and matter, in particular, materials containing chiral structures (1). Through the adequate control of the helicity, it is possible that molecular enantiomers, relevant to biological and pharmaceutical studies, could be measured and separated (2). The helicity is a central concept in different fields such as magnetohydrodynamics, meteorology or particle physics. In hydrodynamics, the helicity provides a measure of the degree of linkage of vortex lines (3) and is conserved in smooth fields (4). In field quantized theories, the helicity flow is associated with spin. At a fundamental level, a major controversy has been whether it is possible to separate the total angular momentum into spin and orbital parts in a gauge invariant way (5). This issue is crucial to the measurement of these physical quantities in gauge theories like quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics.
Consistency and Completeness in Model Systems
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2020
Y. Villacampa, P. Sastre-Vázquez, J. A. Reyes, F. García-Alonso
Richard Feynman (Feynman 1962; Feynman, Hibbs, and Styer 1965), winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize for developing a quantum version of electromagnetism, argues that three fundamental theories of physics: quantum electrodynamics, general relativity, and quantum chromodynamics, are enough to describe everything.